http://wiki-en.genealogy.net/Special:NewPages From GenWiki en MediaWiki 1.14.1 Thu, 17 May 2012 04:04:28 GMT http://wiki-en.genealogy.net/Halbe_Schule <p>Zscheile: </p> <hr /> <div>&quot;'''Halbe Schule'''&quot; is a former phrase used with funerals on a bare &quot;'''minimum'''&quot;. &lt;br&gt;<br /> A school choir might perform and one church bell might ring, or none at all..&lt;br&gt;<br /> see also '''[[Ganze Schule]]'''</div> Mon, 07 Feb 2011 18:19:19 GMT Zscheile http://wiki-en.genealogy.net/Talk:Halbe_Schule http://wiki-en.genealogy.net/Ganze_Schule <p>Zscheile: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Ganze Schule''' is a former phrase used with funerals for '''famous''' or '''wealthy''' people.&lt;br&gt;<br /> This was a funeral with all the &quot;'''frills'''&quot;. &lt;br&gt;<br /> Several choirs might perform and '''all''' church bells were ringing. &lt;br&gt;<br /> see also '''[[Halbe Schule]]'''</div> Mon, 07 Feb 2011 18:13:43 GMT Zscheile http://wiki-en.genealogy.net/Talk:Ganze_Schule http://wiki-en.genealogy.net/GEDCOM/CONT-Tag <p>Baumbuwegen: Created page with '{{subst:GEDCOM-Tag}}'</p> <hr /> <div>{{Stub}}<br /> <br /> <br /> __TOC__<br /> <br /> == Name and Meaning ==<br /> === Tag ===<br /> (Tag Short Name = English Tag Name)<br /> === German Meaning ===<br /> (German Meaning)<br /> <br /> == Use ==<br /> (description of correct use with regards to content)<br /> <br /> == Formal Description of valid values ==<br /> === Option 1 ===<br /> === Option 2 ===<br /> === Option 3 ===<br /> <br /> == Description of difficult situations ==<br /> === Status quo of discussion in working group of German Program Authors (CompGen) ===<br /> === Deviation from Standard Use === <br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Sort order on category page by last part of title -&gt; i.e. Tag Name --&gt;<br /> [[Category:GEDCOM-Tag|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]<br /> <br /> [[de:GEDCOM/{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]<br /> [[Category:To be translated]]</div> Sat, 13 Nov 2010 20:44:42 GMT Baumbuwegen http://wiki-en.genealogy.net/Talk:GEDCOM/CONT-Tag http://wiki-en.genealogy.net/GEDCOM/DATE-Tag <p>Baumbuwegen: Created page with '{{subst:GEDCOM-Tag}}'</p> <hr /> <div>{{Stub}}<br /> <br /> <br /> __TOC__<br /> <br /> == Name and Meaning ==<br /> === Tag ===<br /> (Tag Short Name = English Tag Name)<br /> === German Meaning ===<br /> (German Meaning)<br /> <br /> == Use ==<br /> (description of correct use with regards to content)<br /> <br /> == Formal Description of valid values ==<br /> === Option 1 ===<br /> === Option 2 ===<br /> === Option 3 ===<br /> <br /> == Description of difficult situations ==<br /> === Status quo of discussion in working group of German Program Authors (CompGen) ===<br /> === Deviation from Standard Use === <br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Sort order on category page by last part of title -&gt; i.e. Tag Name --&gt;<br /> [[Category:GEDCOM-Tag|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]<br /> <br /> [[de:GEDCOM/{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]<br /> [[Category:To be translated]]</div> Sat, 13 Nov 2010 20:44:27 GMT Baumbuwegen http://wiki-en.genealogy.net/Talk:GEDCOM/DATE-Tag http://wiki-en.genealogy.net/GEDCOM/MARR-Tag <p>Baumbuwegen: Created page with '{{subst:GEDCOM-Tag}}'</p> <hr /> <div>{{Stub}}<br /> <br /> <br /> __TOC__<br /> <br /> == Name and Meaning ==<br /> === Tag ===<br /> (Tag Short Name = English Tag Name)<br /> === German Meaning ===<br /> (German Meaning)<br /> <br /> == Use ==<br /> (description of correct use with regards to content)<br /> <br /> == Formal Description of valid values ==<br /> === Option 1 ===<br /> === Option 2 ===<br /> === Option 3 ===<br /> <br /> == Description of difficult situations ==<br /> === Status quo of discussion in working group of German Program Authors (CompGen) ===<br /> === Deviation from Standard Use === <br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Sort order on category page by last part of title -&gt; i.e. Tag Name --&gt;<br /> [[Category:GEDCOM-Tag|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]<br /> <br /> [[de:GEDCOM/{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]<br /> [[Category:To be translated]]</div> Sat, 13 Nov 2010 20:43:50 GMT Baumbuwegen http://wiki-en.genealogy.net/Talk:GEDCOM/MARR-Tag http://wiki-en.genealogy.net/GEDCOM/NAME-Tag <p>Baumbuwegen: Created page with '{{subst:GEDCOM-Tag}}'</p> <hr /> <div>{{Stub}}<br /> <br /> <br /> __TOC__<br /> <br /> == Name and Meaning ==<br /> === Tag ===<br /> (Tag Short Name = English Tag Name)<br /> === German Meaning ===<br /> (German Meaning)<br /> <br /> == Use ==<br /> (description of correct use with regards to content)<br /> <br /> == Formal Description of valid values ==<br /> === Option 1 ===<br /> === Option 2 ===<br /> === Option 3 ===<br /> <br /> == Description of difficult situations ==<br /> === Status quo of discussion in working group of German Program Authors (CompGen) ===<br /> === Deviation from Standard Use === <br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Sort order on category page by last part of title -&gt; i.e. Tag Name --&gt;<br /> [[Category:GEDCOM-Tag|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]<br /> <br /> [[de:GEDCOM/{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]<br /> [[Category:To be translated]]</div> Sat, 13 Nov 2010 20:40:41 GMT Baumbuwegen http://wiki-en.genealogy.net/Talk:GEDCOM/NAME-Tag http://wiki-en.genealogy.net/GEDCOM/NOTE-Tag <p>Baumbuwegen: Created page with '{{subst:GEDCOM-Tag}}'</p> <hr /> <div>{{Stub}}<br /> <br /> <br /> __TOC__<br /> <br /> == Name and Meaning ==<br /> === Tag ===<br /> (Tag Short Name = English Tag Name)<br /> === German Meaning ===<br /> (German Meaning)<br /> <br /> == Use ==<br /> (description of correct use with regards to content)<br /> <br /> == Formal Description of valid values ==<br /> === Option 1 ===<br /> === Option 2 ===<br /> === Option 3 ===<br /> <br /> == Description of difficult situations ==<br /> === Status quo of discussion in working group of German Program Authors (CompGen) ===<br /> === Deviation from Standard Use === <br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Sort order on category page by last part of title -&gt; i.e. Tag Name --&gt;<br /> [[Category:GEDCOM-Tag|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]<br /> <br /> [[de:GEDCOM/{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]<br /> [[Category:To be translated]]</div> Sat, 13 Nov 2010 20:40:05 GMT Baumbuwegen http://wiki-en.genealogy.net/Talk:GEDCOM/NOTE-Tag http://wiki-en.genealogy.net/GEDCOM/PLAC-Tag <p>Baumbuwegen: Created page with '{{subst:GEDCOM-Tag}}'</p> <hr /> <div>{{Stub}}<br /> <br /> <br /> __TOC__<br /> <br /> == Name and Meaning ==<br /> === Tag ===<br /> (Tag Short Name = English Tag Name)<br /> === German Meaning ===<br /> (German Meaning)<br /> <br /> == Use ==<br /> (description of correct use with regards to content)<br /> <br /> == Formal Description of valid values ==<br /> === Option 1 ===<br /> === Option 2 ===<br /> === Option 3 ===<br /> <br /> == Description of difficult situations ==<br /> === Status quo of discussion in working group of German Program Authors (CompGen) ===<br /> === Deviation from Standard Use === <br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Sort order on category page by last part of title -&gt; i.e. Tag Name --&gt;<br /> [[Category:GEDCOM-Tag|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]<br /> <br /> [[de:GEDCOM/{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]<br /> [[Category:To be translated]]</div> Sat, 13 Nov 2010 20:39:28 GMT Baumbuwegen http://wiki-en.genealogy.net/Talk:GEDCOM/PLAC-Tag http://wiki-en.genealogy.net/GEDCOM/SEX-Tag <p>Baumbuwegen: Created page with '{{subst:GEDCOM-Tag}}'</p> <hr /> <div>{{Stub}}<br /> <br /> <br /> __TOC__<br /> <br /> == Name and Meaning ==<br /> === Tag ===<br /> (Tag Short Name = English Tag Name)<br /> === German Meaning ===<br /> (German Meaning)<br /> <br /> == Use ==<br /> (description of correct use with regards to content)<br /> <br /> == Formal Description of valid values ==<br /> === Option 1 ===<br /> === Option 2 ===<br /> === Option 3 ===<br /> <br /> == Description of difficult situations ==<br /> === Status quo of discussion in working group of German Program Authors (CompGen) ===<br /> === Deviation from Standard Use === <br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Sort order on category page by last part of title -&gt; i.e. Tag Name --&gt;<br /> [[Category:GEDCOM-Tag|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]<br /> <br /> [[de:GEDCOM/{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]<br /> [[Category:To be translated]]</div> Sat, 13 Nov 2010 20:39:09 GMT Baumbuwegen http://wiki-en.genealogy.net/Talk:GEDCOM/SEX-Tag http://wiki-en.genealogy.net/GEDCOM/SOUR-Tag <p>Baumbuwegen: Created page with '{{subst:GEDCOM-Tag}}'</p> <hr /> <div>{{Stub}}<br /> <br /> <br /> __TOC__<br /> <br /> == Name and Meaning ==<br /> === Tag ===<br /> (Tag Short Name = English Tag Name)<br /> === German Meaning ===<br /> (German Meaning)<br /> <br /> == Use ==<br /> (description of correct use with regards to content)<br /> <br /> == Formal Description of valid values ==<br /> === Option 1 ===<br /> === Option 2 ===<br /> === Option 3 ===<br /> <br /> == Description of difficult situations ==<br /> === Status quo of discussion in working group of German Program Authors (CompGen) ===<br /> === Deviation from Standard Use === <br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Sort order on category page by last part of title -&gt; i.e. Tag Name --&gt;<br /> [[Category:GEDCOM-Tag|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]<br /> <br /> [[de:GEDCOM/{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]<br /> [[Category:To be translated]]</div> Sat, 13 Nov 2010 20:38:39 GMT Baumbuwegen http://wiki-en.genealogy.net/Talk:GEDCOM/SOUR-Tag http://wiki-en.genealogy.net/GEDCOM/CONC-Tag <p>Baumbuwegen: lang link correct</p> <hr /> <div>{{Stub}}<br /> <br /> <br /> __TOC__<br /> <br /> == Name and Meaning ==<br /> === Tag ===<br /> (Tag Short Name = English Tag Name)<br /> === German Meaning ===<br /> (German Meaning)<br /> <br /> == Use ==<br /> (description of correct use with regards to content)<br /> <br /> == Formal Description of valid values ==<br /> === Option 1 ===<br /> === Option 2 ===<br /> === Option 3 ===<br /> <br /> == Description of difficult situations ==<br /> === Status quo of discussion in working group of German Program Authors (CompGen) ===<br /> === Deviation from Standard Use === <br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Sort order on category page by last part of title -&gt; i.e. Tag Name --&gt;<br /> [[Category:GEDCOM-Tag|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]<br /> <br /> [[de:GEDCOM/{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]<br /> [[Category:To be translated]]</div> Sat, 13 Nov 2010 20:34:57 GMT Baumbuwegen http://wiki-en.genealogy.net/Talk:GEDCOM/CONC-Tag http://wiki-en.genealogy.net/GEDCOM/CHAR-Tag <p>Baumbuwegen: Created page with '{{subst:GEDCOM-Tag}}'</p> <hr /> <div>{{Stub}}<br /> <br /> <br /> __TOC__<br /> <br /> == Name and Meaning ==<br /> === Tag ===<br /> (Tag Short Name = English Tag Name)<br /> === German Meaning ===<br /> (German Meaning)<br /> <br /> == Use ==<br /> (description of correct use with regards to content)<br /> <br /> == Formal Description of valid values ==<br /> === Option 1 ===<br /> === Option 2 ===<br /> === Option 3 ===<br /> <br /> == Description of difficult situations ==<br /> === Status quo of discussion in working group of German Program Authors (CompGen) ===<br /> === Deviation from Standard Use === <br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Sort order on category page by last part of title -&gt; i.e. Tag Name --&gt;<br /> [[Category:GEDCOM-Tag|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]<br /> <br /> [[de:GEDCOM-Tag/{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]<br /> [[Category:To be translated]]</div> Sat, 13 Nov 2010 20:30:40 GMT Baumbuwegen http://wiki-en.genealogy.net/Talk:GEDCOM/CHAR-Tag http://wiki-en.genealogy.net/GEDCOM/ALIA-Tag <p>Baumbuwegen: Created page with '{{subst:GEDCOM-Tag}}'</p> <hr /> <div>{{Stub}}<br /> <br /> <br /> __TOC__<br /> <br /> == Name and Meaning ==<br /> === Tag ===<br /> (Tag Short Name = English Tag Name)<br /> === German Meaning ===<br /> (German Meaning)<br /> <br /> == Use ==<br /> (description of correct use with regards to content)<br /> <br /> == Formal Description of valid values ==<br /> === Option 1 ===<br /> === Option 2 ===<br /> === Option 3 ===<br /> <br /> == Description of difficult situations ==<br /> === Status quo of discussion in working group of German Program Authors (CompGen) ===<br /> === Deviation from Standard Use === <br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Sort order on category page by last part of title -&gt; i.e. Tag Name --&gt;<br /> [[Category:GEDCOM-Tag|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]<br /> <br /> [[de:GEDCOM-Tag/{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]<br /> [[Category:To be translated]]</div> Sat, 13 Nov 2010 20:29:08 GMT Baumbuwegen http://wiki-en.genealogy.net/Talk:GEDCOM/ALIA-Tag http://wiki-en.genealogy.net/GEDCOM/_UserDef-Tag <p>Baumbuwegen: catsort</p> <hr /> <div>{{Stub}}<br /> <br /> <br /> __TOC__<br /> <br /> == Name and Meaning ==<br /> === Tag ===<br /> (Tag Short Name = English Tag Name)<br /> === German Meaning ===<br /> (German Meaning)<br /> <br /> == Use ==<br /> (description of correct use with regards to content)<br /> <br /> == Formal Description of valid values ==<br /> === Option 1 ===<br /> === Option 2 ===<br /> === Option 3 ===<br /> <br /> == Description of difficult situations ==<br /> === Status quo of discussion in working group of German Program Authors (CompGen) ===<br /> === Deviation from Standard Use === <br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Sort order on category page by last part of title -&gt; i.e. Tag Name --&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Category:GEDCOM-Tag|UserDef]]<br /> [[Category:To be translated]]<br /> <br /> [[de:GEDCOM/_Nutzerdef-Tag]]</div> Sat, 13 Nov 2010 19:21:42 GMT Baumbuwegen http://wiki-en.genealogy.net/Talk:GEDCOM/_UserDef-Tag http://wiki-en.genealogy.net/Sauerh%C3%B6fer_(Familienname) <p>Sauerhoefer: </p> <hr /> <div>==Origin and Meaning==<br /> &lt;!-- Wenn mehrere Möglichkeiten bekannt, bitte auch alle nennen, möglichst mit Quellenangabe. --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Variants of the name==<br /> &lt;!-- Varianten und frühe Nennungen bitte möglichst mit Orts- und Zeitangaben aufführen. --&gt;<br /> Sauerhöfer, Sauerhoefer, Sauerheber.<br /> <br /> Original name &quot;Sauerheber&quot; (Germany), around 1700 in Mußbach (today district of Neustadt/Weinstraße). This path kept the name Sauerheber.<br /> One descendant married 1774 in Knöringen near Landau (palatinate). Around 1800 the name changed there to Sauerhoefer and Sauerhöfer. It appears the first time in the documents of the Mairie (municipal administration) of Knöringen introduced by Napoleon. As from 1813 also the name Sauerhöfer is used in the church registers where until this the name Sauerheber was registered.<br /> Names used by ancestors emigrated to the USA are Sauerheber, Sauerhoefer, Sauerhöfer, Sauerhafer and Sauerhaber.<br /> <br /> ==Geographical allocation==<br /> &lt;!-- In den folgenden &lt;lastname-map&gt;-Tags bitte &quot;Familienname&quot; durch den gewünschten Namen ersetzen --&gt;<br /> <br /> {||{border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; rules=&quot;all&quot; style=&quot;margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-collapse:collapse; empty-cells:show; width:{{{1}}}%&quot;}<br /> !Relative<br /> !Absolute<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;lastname-map size=&quot;200&quot;&gt;Sauerhöfer&lt;/lastname-map&gt;<br /> |&lt;lastname-map mode=&quot;abs&quot; size=&quot;200&quot;&gt;Sauerhöfer&lt;/lastname-map&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Public Namebearer==<br /> <br /> ==Other Persons==<br /> <br /> ==Geographical notations==<br /> &lt;!-- Hier können Orte, die den gleichen Namen tragen, eingetragen werden. --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;!-- Bitte im GenWiki suchen und ggf. den Band verlinken sowie den Familiennamen im Artikel des Bandes hierher verlinken. Eine Bibliografie befindet sich in der Kategorie:Familienname. --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Beispiel: --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- * [[Deutsche Wappenrolle/Band XX]] --&gt;<br /> http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/sauerhöfer_(Familienname)<br /> <br /> == Data from FOKO ==<br /> &lt;!-- nachfolgend &quot;Familienname&quot; bitte durch den hier behandelten tatsächlichen Familiennamen ersetzen: --&gt;<br /> &lt;foko-name&gt;Sauerhöfer&lt;/foko-name&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Weblinks==<br /> &lt;!-- Hier kann man Links auf externe Seiten eintragen, die genealogisch relevant mit dem Famliennamen zu tun haben. --&gt;<br /> <br /> == Genealogist ==<br /> &lt;!-- Hier können sich Familienforscher, GenWiki-Autoren eintragen und auf ihre Benutzerseite linken, oder auf eine Unterseite zu ihrer Benutzerseite, die die eigenen Anknüpfungspunkte zum hier behandelten Familiennamen vorstellt. --&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Kategorie:Familienname]]</div> Mon, 06 Sep 2010 12:29:59 GMT Sauerhoefer http://wiki-en.genealogy.net/Talk:Sauerh%C3%B6fer_(Familienname) http://wiki-en.genealogy.net/Prussians <p>Kaukas: /* Tribal Areas */</p> <hr /> <div>[[Image: 549px-Baltic Tribes c 1200 svg.png|thumb|500px| The Eastern Balts are shown in brown hues while the Western Balts are shown in green. The boundaries are approximate.]]<br /> [[Image:Prussenkarte.jpg|thumb|500 px|Prussian Tribal Ares 13th Century]]<br /> <br /> The Prussians are a western Baltic nation that has risen in German. They were also known under the names Old Prussia, Pruzzen or Pruteni, the spelling Pruzzen is from the Middle Ages, when the s, which, like the old German downward curving z looks up, for the voiceless ss and was later shown in roman letters as zz .<br /> <br /> ==Proper name==<br /> The proper name is Prūsai with a long &quot;u&quot; said. The linguists disagree on the interpretation: &quot;prūta / prūota&quot; (intelligence, wisdom), &quot;prūsna&quot; (face), &quot;prūsas&quot; (tall), &quot;prūsiskai&quot; (clever, intelligent), old Indian &quot;purusah ( Humans).<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> The settlement of the Prussians was between the Vistula River (in the opinion of some linguists west of the Vistula to the Persante River in Pomerania) and Minge River, which comes from the north and ends at Heydekrug (Ṧilute) in the delta of the Memel River.<br /> <br /> ===Tribal Areas===<br /> *[[Barta]][http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Barta] / Barten (Rastenburg) [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Rastenburg]<br /> *[[Galinda]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Galindien] / Galindien (Masurian Lakeland) [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Johannisburg]<br /> *Chelmno [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Kulmerland]/ [[Kulmerland]] (Thorn) [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Thorn] with <br /> *[[Lubawa]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Lubawa]/ Michelauer Land (Löbau) [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/L%C3%B6bau]<br /> *Nadruwa [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Nadrauen]/ Nadrauen/ [[Nadruvia]] (Insterburg) [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Insterburg]<br /> *Notanga [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Natangen]/ Natangen/ [[Natangia]] (south of Königsberg in Prussia, Eylau) [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Preu%C3%9Fisch_Eylau]<br /> *Pagude [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Pogesanien]/ Pogesanien/ [[Pogesania]] (Heilsberg) [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Heilsberg_(Ostpreu%C3%9Fen)]<br /> *Pamede [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Pomesanien]/ Pomesanien/ [[Pomesania]] (Marienburg) [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Marienburg_(Westpreu%C3%9Fen)]<br /> *Semba [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Samland]/ Samland/ [[Sambia]] of Königsberg Prussia) [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/K%C3%B6nigsberg_in_Preu%C3%9Fen]<br /> *Sassna [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Sasna]/ Sassen/ [[Sasna]] (Neidenburg) [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Neidenburg_(Kreis_Neidenburg)]<br /> *Skalwa [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Die_Schalauer]/ Schalauen [[Scalvia]] (Tilsit-Ragnit-Rusne) [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Tilsit]<br /> *Suduwa [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Die_Sudauer]/ Sudauen [[Sudava]] (Yotvingians) (Lyck, Suwałki) [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Lyck]<br /> *Warme [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Ermland]/ Warmien/ [[Warmia]] (Ermland) (Braunsberg) [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Braunsberg_(Ostpreu%C3%9Fen)]<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> ===Occupation by the Teutonic Order===<br /> * ''Kulmer Land'' (Starting from [[Thorn]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Thorn]): 1230 [[Nessau]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Nessau], 1231 Thorn, 1232 [[Kulm]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Kulm_(an_der_Weichsel)], 1234 [[Rehden (Westpreußen)]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Rehden_(Westpreu%C3%9Fen)], 1234 [[Graudenz]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Graudenz] <br /> * ''Pomesanien'' (Starting from Kulm): 1234 [[Marienwerder]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Marienwerder], 1234 Schlacht bei Christburg, 1248 [[Christburg]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Christburg], 1248 [[Pr. Holland|Preußisch Holland]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Pr._Holland], 1250 [[Marienburg]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Marienburg_(Westpreu%C3%9Fen)], (1398 [[Dirschau]], 1398 [[Danzig]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Danzig])<br /> * ''Warmien'' (Starting from Marienwerder): 1237 [[Elbing]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Elbing], 1239 [[Braunsberg]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Braunsberg_(Ostpreu%C3%9Fen)], 1239 [[Balga]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Balga]<br /> * ''Natangen'' (Starting from Balga): 1240 [[Creuzburg (Ermland)|Kreuzburg]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Creuzburg_(Ermland)]<br /> * ''Samland'' (Starting from Balga): 1255 [[Königsberg]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/K%C3%B6nigsberg_in_Preu%C3%9Fen], 1255 Schlacht bei [[Rudau]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Rudau], 1258 [[Labiau]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Labiau], 1258 [[Wehlau]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Wehlau], 1265 [[Tapiau]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Tapiau]<br /> * ''Pogesanien'' (Starting from Braunsberg): 1241 [[Heilsberg]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Heilsberg_(Ostpreu%C3%9Fen)]<br /> * ''Barta'' (Starting from Heilsberg): 1245 [[Rößel]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/R%C3%B6%C3%9Fel]<br /> * ''Sassen'' (Starting from Thorn): 1260 [[Löbau]], 1268 [[Neidenburg]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Neidenburg_(Kreis_Neidenburg)], 1272 [[Gilgenburg]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Gilgenburg], 13. Jh. [[Osterode]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Osterode_in_Ostpreu%C3%9Fen], 1306 [[Soldau]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Soldau]<br /> * ''Galindien'' (Starting from Kreuzburg): 1285 u. 1348 [[Lötzen]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/L%C3%B6tzen], 1335 u. 1396 [[Angerburg]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Angerburg], 1345 [[Johannisburg]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Johannisburg], 1360 [[Ortelsburg]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Ortelsburg]<br /> * ''Nadrauen'' (Starting from Wehlau): 1275 Kamswykus [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Angerapp_(Fluss)]<br /> * ''Sudauen'' (Starting from Lötzen): ca. 1280 u. 1398 [[Lyck]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Lyck], 1283 Region Suwalki (1398 an Litauen), 1392 Methenburg (1398 an Litauen)<br /> * ''Schalauen'' (Starting from Labiau): 1288 [[Ragnit]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Ragnit]<br /> [[Image: Wandfries.jpg|thumb|900 px|center|Wall frieze Cathedral Gniezno]]<br /> <br /> ===Subjugation===<br /> [[Image: Heidnischer-Pruß.gif|thumb|600 px|“A pagan Old Prussian“: Warrior with clubs; bast sandals on his feet (Pareisgen) which not stuck in the swamp.]]<br /> The order took Old Prussian castles that were built of wood, earth and stones. However, he also built castles of fired bricks, where prisoners of war and Old Prussian peasants rendered forced labor. These castles were usually sufficient for 2,000 men and came to a supply store, which was scheduled for a two-year siege. The military and organizational superiority of the Knights led the Old Prussian chiefs to negotiate, especially since the club than their traditional weapon, had proved unsuccessful. In contrast to the Zemaites (Samogiten / Samaiten) and Lithuanians had the Prussians not been able to agree on a king. Especially those chiefs negotiated successfully, which had been lured with promises (including the one that no one should be forced to baptism). German and Polish priests were trying to spread Christianity. In addition, they sent some Prussian boys to Germany, especially to Magdeburg, to inform them in Christian doctrine and German language. However, many of these boys were in the liberation struggle again on their countrymen.<br /> <br /> Under the protection of built castles settled before the castles (called Lischke) craftsmen, tradesmen and farmers, it's so that they grew rapidly into cities. Later on in the city ordinances were discriminatory points included to allow Prussians, Poles, Lithuanians and Jews living was not welcome in the cities, in towns only German settled. On the flat land, they were initially also retained their ancestral property, then this has been made of the baptism dependent. The conquest was operated under the pretext of Christianity: &quot;... The Order should take the trouble of the war itself, the invasion and the conquest of land in the Old Prussians - integriendum et ad terram optinendum Pruszie -, honor and praise of God - ad honorem et gloriam veri Dei - that is, with the aim of forcing the pagans to be baptized.&quot; In general, the defeated tribes, the demand for acceptance of baptism was brought. If they do not follow the demand, so it was partially extracted under torture and threat of death, partly by public minds of some people, so that it preferred the others face of these facts, to the call to baptism quickly. There have been many other voluntary converts, but for the new converts was always the danger of the unbridled greed of the neighboring Christian princes. Moreover, they were discouraged by the requirement that their property go into the possession of the church, if no male successors are available. The source positions relative to the horrors inflicted the Knights is weak, because the archives of the Order are kept closed until today.<br /> <br /> The chronicler Peter of Dusburg prefers to gloss over the deeds of the Order, but to highlight the iniquities of the Prussians. He reported on the plight of the new colonists from Germany, which had attracted the Order to strengthen its position that they cultivate their fields only under cover of darkness and then still could not be certain that their crop was not stolen or destroyed. The plight of the Prussians, which their lands and thus their livelihood has been withdrawn he does not see. Only the chronicler Simon Grunau, there are passages that point to the violence of the Knights. <br /> <br /> Grand Master Sigfried von Feuchtwangen adopted by a number of discriminatory laws in '''1307''': Who holds Prussian servants should send them to the church and to confession; no one may speak of the Prussian language (pay three marks penalty); in the cities and suburbs, no one of the Prussians may be superior, only the wild country they are to cultivate the land; if a servant runs away his rule, one should look for it and nailed the ear; no one has permission to to give a runaway peasants or servants in his house protection (pay thirty marks penalty); no farmer may have more than two horses, or they will be removed.<br /> <br /> Only with the peace charter of '''1249''' were the Prussians rights: free employment law, far-reaching law of succession, conditional sale right on furniture, selling rights of property, the right to free and independent from secular and ecclesiastical courts, the cases lead to offspring of noble families could rise to knighthood , obligation to pay the tithes from the barns to the Order, obligation to attend all trips war, weapons, depending circumstances (But with provision of a security deposit equivalent to the value, so as not to enemies overran the Orders. The Order had always use pre-emption). All rights were lost, however, when someone fell off the pagan. Rights, possessions and privileges were thus associated with good behavior, Baptism and Christianity. Motivations for the legendary Prussian uprisings was next to all these constraints and wrong-doing disappointment over broken promises of the Knights, coupled with favorable political constellations.<br /> <br /> ===Prussian uprisings===<br /> [[Image: Prußenfahne-Hartknoch.jpg|thumb|350 px|Flag of the Prussians. Above (from left) the gods Patolos, Perkunos, Potrimpos]]<br /> During the '''13th''' Century did the Teutonic Knights by steady flow of new forces, after long struggles to subdue the Prussians and Christianize. In the villages, mostly inhabited by Prussians converted chiefs were employed as managers, were highly unpopular with their own people, especially as they rounded up the peasants by force subjugated to forced labor. This exploitation with broken promises (especially in matters of faith) increased the indignation of the Prussians. Peter von Dusburg and Simon Grunau describe crimes of the Teutonic Knights, which they committed in rage over the tenacious hold of the Prussians to their gods and their shrines. This prompted the Prussians revolts, which were soon with terrible force on the occupied land. The Pomeranian Prince Swantopolk came to the rescue, perhaps not quite disinterestedly, he had seen that the Order is not satisfied with the enslavement of the Prussians but wanted to build a powerful state. Consequently, it took the excommunication of the pope. Then he was considered an outlaw. <br /> <br /> Meanwhile, the Prussians had regained almost all their territory, even taken some Teutonic castles. Only the castles Elbing, Balga, Thorn, Kulm, Rhedin defied the attacks. The Duke of Mazowsze helped the Order, so that it could regain the Chelmno Land. Pope Innocent IV called in '''1243''' for a crusade against the Prussians. Svantepolk was forced in '''1244''' to peace negotiations, the contract he signed, but only after the order had given an assurance not to continue the war and abandon the suppression of the Prussians. The Order did not consider these promises. Svantepolk ran in 1245 the insurgent Prussians to their aid and drove the Knights. The order remained the only castles Balga, Elblag, Kulm and Thorn.<br /> <br /> While Prussians and Pomeranians had exhausted itself in the long struggle, the Order constantly recruited new knights, usually only a year, rarely two, were under arms. It was necessary to engage himself in '''1249''' on peace negotiations. In Christburg 18 points in the reciprocal rights and obligations has been set. The rights and obligations differences are not significantly different from the Germans. Nevertheless, the Prussians not laid off their weapons, the promise had too often proved to be fragile. Because of the inaccessibility of the area could be no question of domination by the Knights certainly not by a continuous collection of taxes.<br /> <br /> '''1250''' ended an attempt to subjugate the Natangs, with the defeat of the Order. After Simon Grunau 54 knights and armor-bearer in 1500 were killed. Not yet conquered Galindians wanted to forestall their subjugation and turned to the Dukes of Kujawy and Mazovia. The Order did not agree, and led in '''1253''' with the help of freshly arrived a crusader campaign against the Barter and Galindians. As most residents had fled, there were no major fighting.<br /> <br /> Meanwhile, the Order prepared with all their might before the conquest of Samland. Poppo of Osterna since '''1254''' Master of the Order, received help from Ottokar of Bohemia, Knights of Saxony, Thuringia, Meissen, Brandenburg and the Rhine. After Simon Grunau it should have been 60 000, which would probably be too high. Also supported the Margrave of Brandenburg, the Bishop of Kulm, Warmia and Ölnitz and Rudolf von Habsburg, the war enterprise. Prior to this superiority arose the Samländer and were baptized. The weak resistance of the Samländer can probably be justified by the fact that had developed due to centuries of overseas trading a propertied class, which the Commander of Burkhart Hornhausen guaranteed their property. Not infrequently, they were still 15 to 25 Family allocated from the people, and obliged them to obey. The nobles were paying in contrast to the subordinate families no taxes. In '''1255''' the Knights built in place of the Old Prussian castle Twangste (Tuvangste) the castle of Königsberg to secure their conquest.<br /> <br /> '''1256''', the Natang raised again, a year later came the first uprising in Samland. In the coming years, it tried to Old Prussian detachments (with regard to their promise) in negotiations with the Order of the reduction of taxes and compulsory labor to achieve. The Order Vogt Walrod Mirabilis makes such a delegation at the meeting include, and burn the house. Then in six landscapes broke out a general uprising. Dusburg and Grunau report that the head of the uprisings were those boys who were formed by the Knights at German schools, who knew about the warfare of the Order well. These were '''Auctuno''' from Pogesania, '''Synko''' from Pomesania, '''Glappo''' from Warmia, '''Dyvane Clekine''' &quot;The Bear&quot; from Barta, '''Herkus Monte''' from Natanga and '''Richard Glande''' from the Samland.<br /> <br /> The Order could only hold back his big castles, until a new army was brought under Henry to Rechenberg. This was hardly any resistance, since the Prussians had retreated into their barricades in the woods. Then, in the near Pokarben in Natangians attacked the Prussians under Hercus Monte the Crusaders and prepared them a crushing defeat. A second army of the Order was destroyed in '''1263''' by Richard Glande. The Castles of Heilsberg, Braunsberg could be taken while Konigsberg, Kreuzburg and Bartenstein remained in possession of the Knights. With the help of the Livonian and renegade Old Prussian chiefs (called Withinge that were rewarded with preferential locations), the Order won back the Samland in '''1264'''.<br /> <br /> Barta, Natangians, parts Warmi, Pogesanien Pomesania and was dominated by Prussians. Under the leadership of Hercus Monte castles were taken using siege machines: first Kreuzburg, then Bartenstein. The Order suffered another defeat at Löbau. In a crusade sermon by Pope Urban IV says: &quot;Not without tears, we have heard, as for the matter of faith, which has been promoted in those lands under such infinite pains and afflictions, recently almost 1,000 monks by the cruel hand of the infidels are killed.&quot; Then in '''1265''' came another army of knights, which because of the mild winter could not accomplish anything, as the swamps of East Prussia foreigners could only be entered with frost. The Knights were satisfied with the building of castles Tapiau and Brandenburg on the Vistula Lagoon [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Frisches_Haff] and then went off again.<br /> <br /> Svantepolk died in '''1266''', and his son Mestwin continued the policy of his father, as he blocked the Vistula and shipping supplies to the Order section. In that time, the Bartians stormed under Clekine Christburg and Pomesanians under Synko Marienwerder. The defense took place mainly in the western tribal areas. From the south came the Suduvians under chief '''Skomand''' to help. They conquered Löbau, besieged Kulm and Thorn, destroyed the forts Starkenberg and Wartenberg. The castle Rhedin was conquered again and recovered with the help of Mazowsze. 1271 moved Clekine to Schönburg before, but died without having stormed the castle. Pope Clement IV called on a new crusade, then in '''1272''' Pope Gregory X. This time, the Teutonic army was aided by a strong winter. Glappo fell, Hercus Monte fell into the hands of the Knights and was murdered. Glande had fallen as Synko. Auctumo just kept on fighting. The haste Suduvians were pushed back. Thirteen years had taken the last great struggle for freedom, but now deprived of their leaders, gave the Prussians on their resistance and surrendered.<br /> <br /> Only the three northern tribes of Nadruvians, Scalovians and Suduvians were undefeated. With the help of new crusaders in '''1276''', the Nadruvians were subjected to, but many residents fled to neighboring Lithuania. 1277 pushed the Knights into Scalovia, but met with little resistance. The Skalvians were moved to break the tribal band. The '''1278''' military campaign against the Suduvians who often received support from the Lithuanians, ended in defeat. '''1283''' could be beaten this tribe and Skomand could be moved to baptism. As a reward he received the manor Stegnio (later Steegen). The Suduvians have also been relocated: into scalovian areas and into the Samland (Sudauer angle). The last unconquered Suduvians moved with their chief '''Skurdo''' to Lithuania and did not return. After 53 years, all the Old Prussian tribal areas were subjected. The conquerors did not feel safe, because they build other constructions of castles and fortifications.<br /> <br /> ==Alleged extinction==<br /> During the Old Prussian uprisings came as a result of war and resettlement of a large number of Prussians killed, some researchers speak of 20 to 50% of the population. The still in the 19 and early 20 Century stated hypothesis that up to 80% of the Prussians were killed is now considered no longer tenable. Authors posed by the killing of up to 50% of the Old Prussian population overlooked in mind that many Prussians, who opposed the Christianization, fled into the then still pagan Lithuania and later as &quot;Lithuanians&quot; were located and returned. Later, the settlement of German knights, peasants and citizens from all countries was encouraged. The pagan culture of the Prussians was suppressed by the Christian Church. Nevertheless, the Prussians could still retain their ethnic identity until about '''1700'''.<br /> <br /> The national language was Low German, which was later replaced by the High German. Unofficially, i.e. at home, the local people spoke several languages (in sources of the 16th century by a &quot;babble of languages&quot; spoken, especially in the Memelland). In the south they spoke a mixed language from Masovian, Polish, Lithuanian, Old Prussian and Low German words, in the north from Old Prussian, Curonian, Latvian, Samogitians, Lithuanian and Low German words. <br /> <br /> A nursery rhyme end of the 19th Century in &quot;babble of languages&quot;:<br /> *&quot;Willi, Willi lop nach Haus, grum perkunji bus litaus&quot; (Willi, Willi, going home, it grumbles thunderstorm, there is just rain)<br /> <br /> Today's relics of the Old Prussian language are mainly found in the Memel country, and in polonized place names in the former East Prussia. Thus we find in the eastern Mazury the Skomanten location on the same lake points to the last Suduvian chief Skomand who gave up his fight in 1283 against the Teutonic Order. On the eastern shore of Lake Skoment was the beginning of the 20th A century ramparts studied. Here a silver treasure was found.<br /> <br /> ==Religion==<br /> [[Image: Götterbild.jpg|thumb|350 px|Old Prussian gods Patolos, Perkunos and Potrimpos]]<br /> <br /> ===Era before the arrival of the Knights===<br /> The religion of the Old Prussians, a natural religion as the Japanese Shintoism. The chronicler of the Knights Peter von Dusburg reported: ''&quot;And because they knew not God, so it was that they mistakenly honored all creation as God, namely the sun, the moon and the stars, birds and beasts to the toad. They also had sacred groves, fields and waters, so that they hew wood in it to designate fields and catch fish do not dare.&quot;''<br /> <br /> In the older female religious layer especially the sun goddess '''Saule''', her daughter, the earth goddess '''Semine''' and the goddess of fate '''Laima''' be venerated. From this period are the solstice festivities. The Earth Goddess is represented by near-Earth animals like snake and toad. At family gatherings was in honor of the Semine (affectionately called Seminele), the first drink is always on the ground. In the later Indo-European male religious layer is highest in the fact not callable '''Deiwus''' (Lith. ''Dievas'', Latv. ''Deivs'', Curonian ''Dievs'', Latin ''Deus''). The gods placed below Patolos, Perkunos, Potrimpos were therefore in the people as the highest gods. In the pagan religion there was neither devil nor hell. In the course of Christianity was the death god Patolos given the Polish name Pikollos (devil). Perkunos is represented as a goat. In his honor, were maintained in sacred groves and forests, mistletoe-covered oak trees eternal fire.<br /> <br /> In natural religion is not believed in reincarnation. It takes two souls: The Wele (Lithuanian Vele) is an ethereal shadow creature that rises to the gods, the Dusin (Lithuanian Siela) is the part of the soul, which remains near the grave site and thus maintains contact with the bereaved. Thats why cemeteries were always created on hills so that the Wele could easily ascend to the gods. Thus the Dusin was not injured, were trees and shrubs are not pruned in cemeteries. Table and bench were used for special meals that were taken with the dead. Later, when the graveyard duty was introduced, it was not rare that bodies were dug up and secretly buried on the hill. The fencing of the souls in the cemetery was an unbearable thought. In children who cry constantly, they pushed this peculiarity to the unwanted baptism, so that it washed away in complicated rituals.<br /> <br /> ===The era of the Teutonic Knights===<br /> [[Image: Hochzeit.jpg|thumb|400 px|Wedding ceremony 1565]]<br /> The Order required the early baptism of infants, sanctioned for not complying with punishment. The result was that this often led to death of the infant and the mother, especially since the wide roads were particularly difficult during the winter. In the final phase of the Knights were held for the amusement of the nobility, the so-called &quot;Lithuania travel&quot; to northern East Prussia and Memel in the country: ''&quot;The Austrian Duke Albrecht enters 1377 with 150 men a ride to Prussia, heavily armed, horse and boat. Even the Grand Master and his own people take food for three weeks in honor of the guest. The army marched through the no man's land in the region of Insterburg up to Szeszupe river. The sailors arrived, the rowers spared no effort. From noon to evening were present in 30 000 men with 610 ships. Three horses and a servant were drowned. The army brought his guest to Samogitia. A wedding was held there and the new guests came uninvited. A dance was kicked with the pagan, that their dead were 60. The village was on fire red. I would not want to be groom. What hurt them was good for us. What a joy! The pagan defended themselves at night, stabbed, beat and shot, they shouted in a loud voice like wild animals. They stabbed the knight, they shot horses and then fled into the swamps. As was morning, broke up the army, set fire to everything that the skies were burning. We saw there many women with 2 children tied to the body, one forward, one back, on a horse, they came without spurs barefoot ridden. The pagans were suffering great hardship. We caught a lot of them tied the hands and led them as the Hounds.&quot;'' (Travel poem &quot;From Duke Albrecht chivalry&quot; of the Herald's Peter Suchenwirt)<br /> <br /> ===The era of the Prussian dukes and kings===<br /> Even centuries later, these incidents had so deeply entrenched in the popular memory, that one in 1840 in the newspaper &quot;Provincial Leaves&quot; consider how to contain the conspicuously high infant mortality. Thus describes a landowner: &quot;On the flat land there is generally used, that not only young children, aged 5 to 6 days, at any time of year for the, often miles distant, churches are brought to baptism; the mothers go to church so that they do not evade any longer their domestic affairs, because the people are of the opinion that it is punishable for a new mother when she leaves the house before she has been in the Church.&quot; At the same time the landowner complains against the clergy: &quot;The pastor takes it amiss, if we let not baptize the next Sunday the children who are born in the week, because, if the child dies before baptism, the baptismal is forfeited.&quot; A preacher Krause from Nibudschen replied: &quot;When the German Knights subjugated the natives of our country and in 1249 closed the first peace settlement, because the new converts had to promise the child born at once, or at least within 8 days, in the church to bring to baptism. A habit that has grown 600 years ago, needs a hundred more years to be no more habit&quot;.<br /> <br /> ==Music of the Old Prussians==<br /> [[Image: Prußischer Hut-Tanz.jpg|thumb|300 px|Hat dance of the Prussians, danced only by men.]]<br /> [[Image: Rautenkranz Tanz.jpg|thumb|300 px|Rue dance of the Prussians, danced only by women.]]<br /> Many melodies turn after the ancient Greek music theory. You hear Aeolian, Mixolydian, Dorian and Phrygian tunes, especially a lot of mixed-Harmony. The Old Prussian songs are compared with the Lithuanian lot of archaic, which has contributed much of the Reformation. For it was taught the singing of psalms and hymns. This &quot;German&quot; melodies and shapes were completely different from the Old Prussian. People were forbidden to sing folk songs at home, so they were pushed into the ground and could not continue in the normal group singing. <br /> <br /> The pentatonic songs of the rural population identify themselves by characteristic Quart jumps, while the jumps of the fishermen's songs include fifths, sixths and octaves up and emulate so the rocking of the ship. The fishermen songs are also missing incorporate syncopation and dance rhythms. Typical of Old Prussian songs are also chromatic melodies with well identifiable modulation. The deeply religious people had to pray in a foreign language and sing strange songs, so their religion was not satisfied. Thus, the &quot;German&quot; songs were embellished in their favor, and the organist had to adapt to the community for better or worse, if that sounds moved in the length or truncated, or even the middle of the chant the rhythm changed. <br /> <br /> &quot;''During the recording and writing notes in the most beautiful thing is lost, what can not be expressed. Like the song of birds escape the sudden ascensions, the rapid waste, the gentle folk of the evanescent any attempt to capture it and display it in character''.&quot; In dance songs often changes the rhythm, so that is often necessary to change into the 5/4-time. In general, the 2/4-time and 3/8-time are preferred, less likely to 6/8-time. Most songs are based on a wistfulness, a melancholy. The relationship between minor and major, is about 6:1. <br /> <br /> &quot;''If they sit in the evening by the fire, sound the long-drawn melancholy songs of the Dzimken (wood rafters), once one reaches for the violin or bagpipes, the others hold each other's hands and jump and dance in a circle. The dance is often a solo, often mimic a dance around each other and against each other, with the rapid rotation is particularly interesting. The upper body moves a little, but the feet are inexhaustible in small, delicate turns and jumps. The weak form of the Dzimken developed at the dance all the beauty of which she is capable. The violin plays a skipping melody, dancers and audience clapping hands, echoing the beat, one or the other probably is breaking out in a bright shriek with delight.&quot;''<br /> <br /> *Szoka kiszkis, szoka lapė, szoka wisi žwėris (dancing the hare, dancing the fox, dancing all animals) <br /> *ir tas briedis, il garietis, ir tas ne tylėju. (even the elk with long legs do not rest in the forest.)<br /> <br /> &quot;''The Lithuanian youth exceeds the German youth in faster learning of the heaviest tunes, be it secular or spiritual, you can not hear their melodious rhythmic singing without movement. When the girls sing their love songs, her voice sounds in a soft voluptuous melting, and the same expression then deposited around the mouth and eyes, so that the stranger if he does not understand a word but the meaning guesses''.&quot; <br /> <br /> Instruments were all produced yourself. They grew almost everywhere in nature, they had only a little dressing. Were very popular string instruments such as violin, fiddle, cello and kantele or kankle. The kantele was originally only five strings, but was later covered with up to 23 strings. They were in different sizes and were usually tuned to D major or D minor. Flutes were in any size, often they were provided with a cow horn as a sound amplifier. A special flute was the Trimiete, the long version called Trubas. These were so long as an alphorn and were produced from whole trees, which were divided according to the length and eroded. Then they were glued together with pitch and wrapped in birch bark and bands. The smaller but still very loud Trimiete was used by herd boys on forest pastures and played mostly fourth-and sixth intervals.<br /> <br /> ==Scripture of the Old Prussians==<br /> [[Image: Prußenschrift.jpg|thumb|900 px|center|Scripture of the Old Prussians; &quot;God Korche! Angry with the enemies, do them harm.&quot;]]<br /> It is generally reported that the Prussians would have had no writing. This claim was probably the assumption that they had defeated an uncivilized barbaric people. Archaeological finds show a brisk trade with Greece, Rome, Caucasian countries, England and Scandinavia. The Prussians were thus in contact with cultures in which writing was known. Simon Grunau writes of two banners, each four cubits long and three yards wide. The battle flag shows the three main gods and has an inscription in Runic characters which are difficult to translate. Similar runes are found on the rune stone Jelling/ (Denmark). It is not excluded that those from the 5./ 6. Century dating script was brought from Gotland, brought by King Waidewut and his brother, the Kriwe (priest) Bruteno. Over time, characters were added that may be the archaic Greek origin. The second flag shows the coat of arms Waidewut or another prince. The shield is held upright by two white horses in jumping position. The sign even a bear in human form with open mouth and protruding tongue is shown. After Hartknoch they should also have had an inscription. Both flags were still in the 13 Century uses. The inscription of the war flag (written by Simon Grunau 1326) means: &quot;God Korche! Angry with the enemies, do them harm.&quot;<br /> <br /> The Prussians sent their messages in node font. Threads and cords in different colors and sizes were hung on the &quot;Kriwulen,&quot; the snake-Staves and expressed food, dangers, and from other materials. The amounts have been shown by the number of nodes. The cracks in the runic showed the sender and receiver. Other signs were found on wooden boards, clay objects, skins, tree bark, sticks and bones.<br /> <br /> ==Monuments==<br /> Already Simon Grunau wrote down 89 words, but he was accused to have not understood them. During the time of the Reformation was still widely spoken Old Prussian. Since that time there were serious efforts of Lutheran pastors of the Old Prussian people teach Christianity. Already in 1545, the Catechism was issued in Old Prussian language. The problem was the different dialects. This is the name for example the bear &quot;clokis&quot; (Barta), &quot;klokijs&quot; (Samland), &quot;tlokijs&quot; (Samland and Zemaitians), &quot;tlakis&quot; (Sudavians) and &quot;meška&quot; (Scalvians and Nadruvians). The language was divided into many dialects, and so they had the idea to construct from all the different dialects a common dialect, which all are equally understandable. But since it was on the contrary, all incomprehensible, so they determined the Samland dialect than the best known.<br /> <br /> ===Lord's Prayer===<br /> '''Lord's Prayer after Simon Grunau'''<br /> * Nossen Thewes, cur tu es Delbes,<br /> * Schwiz gesger thowes Wardes;<br /> * Penag mynys thowe Mystalstibe;<br /> * Toppes Pratres giriad Delbszisne, tade tymnes sennes Worsinny;<br /> * Dodi momines an nosse igdenas Magse;<br /> * Unde geitkas pamas numas musse Nozegun, cademas pametam nusson Pyrtainekans;<br /> * No wede numus panam Padomum;<br /> * Swalbadi mumes newusse Layne. Jesus. Amen.<br /> <br /> '''Lord's Prayer after Prätorius'''<br /> * Thewes nossen, cur tu es Debbes,<br /> * Schwisch gesger thowes Wardes;<br /> * Pena mynis thowe Wiswalstybe;<br /> * Toppes Patres gir iat Delbeszisne, tade tymnes senjnes Worsinny;<br /> * Annosse igdenas Mayse dodi mums szon Dien;<br /> * Pamutale mums musu Noschegun, kademas pametan nousson Pyktainekans;<br /> * No wede numus panam Paadomam;<br /> * Swalbadi numes ne wust Tayne.<br /> <br /> '''Lord's Prayer in mixed dialects'''<br /> * Thawe nuson kas tu asse Andangon,<br /> * Swintits wirst twais Emmens;<br /> * Pergeis twais Laeims;<br /> * Twais Quaits audasseisin na Semmey, key Andangon;<br /> * Nusan deininan Geittin deis numons schindeinan;<br /> * Bha atwerpeis numans nuson Auschautins, kay mas atwerpimay nuson Auschautenikamans;<br /> * Bha ny wedais mans Enperbandan;<br /> * Sclait is rankeis mans assa Wargan. Amen<br /> <br /> '''Lord's Prayer in the dialect of Insterburg''' (Prediger Hennig)<br /> * Tewe musu, kurs essi Danguje,<br /> * Buk szwenczamas Wardas tawo,<br /> * Ateik tawo Karalijste;<br /> * Buk tawo Walle kaip Daguje, taip ir an Zemes;<br /> * Duna musu dieniszka duk mums ir sze Diena;<br /> * Atleisk mums musu Kaltes, kaip mes atoeidzjam sawo Kaltiems;<br /> * Ne wesk mus Pagundima;<br /> * Bet gelbek mus nu Pikto.<br /> <br /> '''Lord's Prayer in the dialect of Nadruvia''' (Simon Prätorius)<br /> * Tiewe musu, kursa tu essi Debsissa,<br /> * Szwints tiest taws Wards;<br /> * Akeik mums twa Walstybe;<br /> * Tawas Praats buk kaip Debbesissa taibant wirszu Sjemes;<br /> * Musu dieniszka May e duk mums ir szen Dienan;<br /> * Atmesk mums musu Griekus, kaip mes pammetam musi Pardokonteimus;<br /> * Ne te wedde mus Baidykle;<br /> * Bet te passarge mus mi wissa Louna (Pikta)<br /> <br /> ==Literature==<br /> * Brauer, Wilhelm Reinhold: Baltisch-Prussische Siedlungen westlich der Weichsel, Nicolaus-Copernicus-Verlag, Münster 1988<br /> * Buga, Kazimieras.: Die Vorgeschichte der aistischen Stämme, Leipzig 1924<br /> * Crome, Hans: Die Burgen der alten Preußen, Burg „Kadina“, 1926, Mitteilungen des Vereins für die Geschichte Ost- und Westpreußens 1926-1931, Tolkemita-Texte Dieburg<br /> * Crome, Hans: Längswälle in Ostpreußen, Königsberg 1937, Tolkemita-Texte Dieburg<br /> * Crome, Hans: Die Kriegsführung der alten Preußen, in Mitteilungen des Vereins für die Geschichte von Ost- und Westpreußen, Jahrgang 8 1934, Tolkemita-Texte Dieburg<br /> * Diehlmann, Hans Heinz: Die Türkensteuer im Herzugtum Preußen 1540, Band 1 Fischhausen- Schaaken- Neuhausen- Labiau, Verein für Familienforschung in Ost- und Westpreußen Hamburg 1998<br /> * Diehlmann, Hans Heinz: Die Türkensteuer im Herzogtum Preußen 1540, Band 2, Memel – Tilsit, Hamburg 2006<br /> * Diehlmann, Hans Heinz: Erbhuldigungsakten des Herzogtums Preußen, 1.Teil 1525 bis 1642, Hamburg 1980<br /> * Dusburg, Peter von: ''Chronica Terre Prussie'', Darmstadt 1984, ISBN 3-534-00604-6<br /> * Eckert, Rainer, Bukevičiute, Elvire-Julia, Hinze, Friedhelm: Die baltischen Sprachen, eine Einführung, Langenscheidt 1994, 5. Auflage 1998<br /> * Engel, C.: Vorgeschichte der altpreußischen Stämme, Königsberg 1935<br /> * Gaerte, Wilhelm: Urgeschichte Ostpreußens, Gräfe und Unzer, Königsberg 1929<br /> * Gaerte, W.: Das altpreußische Weiberfest, Tolkemita-Texte Dieburg<br /> * Gerullis, Georg: Die altpreußischen Ortsnamen, Berlin, Leipzig 1922<br /> * Gerullis, Georg: Zur Sprache der Sudauer-Jadwinger, in Festschrift A. Bezzenberger, Göttingen 1927<br /> * Gimboth, Leo: Siedlungsgeographie Natangens zur Preußenzeit, Ungedr. Dissertation Königsberg 1923<br /> * Gimbutas, Marija: Die Balten, Herbig München 1983 <br /> * Grunenberg, R.: Entwicklung der prußischen Bevölkerung bis 1939, in Tolkemita-Texte 62, Dieburg 2002<br /> * Jurkat, Klaus-Peter: Gedanken und Fakten zur Bevölkerungsentwicklung in Ostpreußen, in Tolkemita-Texte 62, Dieburg 2002 <br /> * Klussis, Mikkels: Deutsch-Prußisches Grundwörterbuch, Institut Européen des Minorités Ethniques Dispersées mit Unterstützung des deutsch-prußischen Vereins Tolkemita, Vilnius 1999<br /> * Lenz, Siegfried: Heimatmuseum, Hoffmann und Campe 1978<br /> * Mannhardt, Wilhelm: Letto-Preussische Götterlehre, Lettisch-Literärische Gesellschaft, Riga 1936<br /> * Mortensen, Hans: Siedlungsgeografie des Samlandes. Forschungen zur deutschen Landes- und Volkskunde, Stuttgart 1923<br /> * Nesselmann, G.H.F.: Die Sprache der alten Preußen, Berlin 1845<br /> * Palmaitis, Letas: Prussian Reconstructions; based upon „The Etymological Dictionary of Prussian&quot; by Vytautas Mažiulis (Mažiulis V. Prūsų kalbos etimologijos žodynas. Mokslas, Vilnius, I/ 1988, II/ 1993, III/ 1996, IV/ 1997)<br /> * Przybytek, Rozalia, Hydronymia Europaea, Ortsnamen baltischer Herkunft im südlichen Teil Ostpreußens, Stuttgart 1993<br /> * Salemke, Gerhard: Lagepläne der Wallburganlagen von der ehemaligen Provinz Ostpreußen, Gütersloh 2005<br /> * Schlüter, Otto: Wald, Sumpf und Siedlungsland in Altpreußen vor der Ordenszeit, Halle 1921[http://kpbc.umk.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?id=31684&amp;from=latest]<br /> * Schneidereit, A.: Die Prussen und der Deutsche Orden, dietz berlin<br /> * Spekke, A.: Die Baltischen Völker im ersten Jahrtausend der christlichen Ära, : Zur Vorgeschichte der Prußen, Tolkemita-Texte 54 Dieburg 1998<br /> * Weber, Lotar: Preußen vor 500 Jahrem, Danzig 1878<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category: Historical Territory]]<br /> [[Category: Germany]]<br /> [[Category: Lithuania]]</div> Mon, 12 Apr 2010 13:05:17 GMT Kaukas http://wiki-en.genealogy.net/Talk:Prussians http://wiki-en.genealogy.net/Klaip%C4%97dos_kra%C5%A1ta <p>Kaukas: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Memel buvo legendinis [[prūsų]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Pru%C3%9Fen] ir [[kuršių]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Die_Kuren] teritorijoje.''' Memelio uosto [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Hafen_in_Memel] dabar Lietuva yra vienintelė prieiga prie Baltijos jūros.<br /> [[Image: 549px-Baltic Tribes c 1200 svg.png|thumb|400px| Rytų baltų rodomi rudi atspalviai, Vakarų baltų yra rodomas žaliai. Ribos yra apytikslės ]]<br /> [[Image:Bild_Karte_Mortensen_Südkurland.jpg|thumb|400 px|Žemaitijos ir jos kaimyninių sričių, 13-ojo amžiaus viduryje. Lietuva tuo metu buvo toli rytuose.]]<br /> [[Image: Bernsteinstraße.jpg|thumb|200px|Gintaro kelias iš '''Memel''' the'''Samland''' and '''Danzig''' yra 98 po Chr.]]<br /> <br /> <br /> == Istorija Memelio (chronologija)==<br /> == Priešistorė iki 700 AD==<br /> *'''Nuo Kristų 11000.''' (po paskutiniojo ledynmečio, medžiotojų, kolekcionavimo) : a) Hamburgo kultūros, Prancūzijos Magdalenian kultūros variantas, pirmas Karaliaučiuje, pabaigoje etapo Memel; b) Svidry kultūra iš Pietų Europa.<br /> *'''Nuo 7000 m. pr.''': (Medžiotojams, rinkėjai, žvejai, pušies ir eglės laiku): Klimatas šiltas ir drėgna, ledynų jau praėjo. Įrodymai sureguliavimo Memel. Maglemosian antplūdžio kultūra iš Vakarų (Įpėdiniais Magdalenian kultūra)<br /> *'''Nuo 6000 m. pr.''': Maišymo Maglemosian kultūra ir Svidry kultūra. Kaulų Memel: dolichocefalinė, storio antakiai, kresnas ūgio.<br /> *'''Nuo 4000 m. pr iki 2500.''': (Vidurio akmens amžiaus: Kaulų kultūros ratą / Jaunesnysis akmens amžiaus akmeninių įrankių, kaulų, medžio): Memel-u. Narvos kultūra, Senas Europos, ne indoeuropiečių. Religija: matriarchatas. [[Kuršių nerija]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Kurische_Nehrung]: kaulų ir elnių kabliai, [[Memel-Schmelz]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Schmelz_(Kr.Memel)]: Dirbo Gintaras.<br /> *'''Nuo 2500 BC''': (vėlaus akmens amžiaus D.): Atvykimas indoeuropiečių iš Centrinės Azijos. Kultūra būdai: Babai geriamojo rago, kaip Vidurinėje Azijoje ir Persijos, Rutuliniai stiklainiai. Prekybiniai santykiai su Graikija (Gintaras) , Religija: patriarchalinis. Maišymas su egzistuojančių žmogaus, ne išnykimo Įrodymai, kad kaulų, naujas žmogaus tipas yra plonesni. Kalba: panašumas su sanskrito ir lotynų: senoji baltų. Vakarinės Baltijos jūros dalies: Prūsai ir Kuršio (panašūs kultūros keltai). Rytų Baltijos: Lietuvos, [[Žemaitės]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Zemaiten], Latviai (Kultūra daugiau kaip Suomiai-Ugrians, Mongolija, Korėjos). Gyventojų tankis yra.<br /> *'''Nuo 1500 m. pr.''': (Bronzos amžiaus pilkapiai): Mirties kultūra: Mano lavono Sulenkto padėtis. Plėtra yra centrinėje Europos šalyje Memelio tik susilpnėjo. Metalo kultūros mainais už gintarą.<br /> *'''Nuo 1000 BC''': (bronzos / Ankstyvasis geležies amžius / Kultūra banga &quot;przysłupowych kultūra&quot; 500 BC). Mirties kultūra: Kremacija, Pelenai keramikos laivai, Laivo dangtis su anga išlaisvinti sielą gali, Stypynės, Przysłupowych kultūra atėjo Memelio šalį dėl labai dykuma tarp Priegliaus ir Memelio ne.<br /> *Be '''2. A.''': Danijos dokumentai vadinami Memelio '''Aldajaborg''' arba '''Aldeska'''. Pavadinimas [[Skalvių]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Die_Schalauer] ir navigaciją. <br /> *'''Nuo AD 200 m. pr 500.''': Plėtra Germanai į Vyslos iki: Gyventojai, slavai ir gotai į Sembos. Gyvybinga kultūros keitimo ir utilizavimo, įskaitant Memel. Prekyba: Su Roma (monetos, stiklo, emalio mano, metalo importo). Mirties kultūra: Skeleton kapų (Vyslos įtaka). '''&quot;Aukso amžius Baltijos&quot;'''.<br /> *'''Skelbimo 400.''':Išplėtimas slavų iš pietų ir rytų. Jie spaudžia link Baltijos jūros.<br /> *'''Nuo 500 skelbimas 800.''': (Migracijos): Slavai stumti į šiaurę į Rytų Baltijos regione, Lietuviai ir latviai yra nustumti į Baltijos jūrą. Diferenciacija tarp Memelio ir senojo Prūsijos. Memelio šalis: invazija į Švediją ir vikingai. Prekybiniai santykiai tarp Pietų ir prūsai turėjo perkelti gotai tai dar ne viskas. Po migracijos gotai, prūsai išskaidyti į keletą genčių sritys, skirtingų kultūrų. Vadinamasis sunykimas laikotarpis netaikomas šalies Memel, nes čia vietoj vyko stipri saviugdai. Santykiai tarp senosios Prūsijos ir Memelio šalių išnyks.<br /> <br /> == AD iš 700. iki vokiečiai atvykimo==<br /> *'''Skelbimo 700.''': Memelio orientuotas į šiaurę. Jis rengia nepriklausomas Memelland kultūra (priešingai Prūsijos išmatose laidotuvių, iki 9.-10.Jh. Skandinavijos įtaka prasiskverbia per kremavimo). Memelio kultūra plečia į rytus.<br /> *'''Nuo 850-1000 AD''': (&quot; Vikingas &quot;): Danijos invazijos į Kuršio. Tai savo ruožtu padaryti forays Danijos ir Islandijos (Paminėti į Islandijos Saga).<br /> *[[Skalvių]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Die_Schalauer] sudaro Rusnė Karalystės, Karinių veiksmų su Danija, tarpusavio pagrobimas.<br /> *'''10.-11 A.''': Su skandinavų karo veiksmus, įsiklausyti į. Dabar yra plataus masto prekybos ir kultūros mainų: Bronza Juvelyriniai dirbiniai, beveik baroko ir keistenybės taškų skatinti išradingumą. Viking kariai sėdi sau kaip prekybininkai Memelio šalyje. Skalvių išlaikyti santuokos santykius su Danija. Memelio savo kultūra yra didžiausias gėlių.<br /> <br /> == Vokietijos laikotarpį 1252-1945==<br /> [[Image: Ordensgrenzen.jpg|thumb|400px|Istorinis ribos tarp Vokiečių ir Livonijos ordino]]<br /> [[Image: Komtursiegel 1409.jpg|thumb|300px|Vado antspaudas 1409 m. simbolizuoja tris seniausių Memelio bažnyčios: Šv Jono kairę, koplyčia Marijos centras, šalį bažnyčia, Šv Nikolajus teisė.]]<br /> === Nuo 1252-1525 - su riterių laikotarpis===<br /> * '''1125-26''' Vokietijos riteriai ateis vėliau Rytų Prūsijoje.<br /> * [[Memel]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Memel] buvo įkurta '''1252''' pateikė Livonijos ordino kardas. Memelio tuo metu buvo ne į Prūsiją. Memelio žemė priklauso tvarko plotas Ryga nuo kardo ordino.<br /> * '''1254''': Liubeko miestų ir Dortmunde buvo paprašyta pateikti savo pilietines teises.<br /> * '''1257/58''': Memel gauna Liubeko teisė. Tai buvo ne iki 1475 Memel buvo, kaip ir kitos prūsų gyvenvietės, [[Kulm]] teisė [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Kulmerland]. Žemaitės kovojo prieš Kryžiuočių ordiną ir sudegino miestą, nustatantį kelis kartus.<br /> * '''13 Amžiuje''': Kuršių laivas vystosi. Vikingas laivai dėl Kuršių valtys modelis. Kadangi klimatas drėgnas, pėsčiomis iš pietinio Kuršio Memel į Latviją dėl jos šiaurinių genčių broliai. Viking kolonijos Kuršių mariose ir [[Delta Rusnė]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Das_Ru%C3%9F-Delta]. Ponia kapuose: Jie turi gerą asmeninę higieną, ypač plaukai. Vyrų kapuose: Vyrai dėvi ilgus plaukus. Juvelyrika: Massive ir sunkus. Memelio šalis ramybės laikas su vikingais, Prūsai, atvirkščiai, ne karo su slavų tautomis ir Kryžiuočių ordino.<br /> * '''1328''' vadas Memel yra atskirtas nuo Livonijos ordino šakos ir susivienija su Prūsijos ordino šaka. 2 / 3 visų šalies eiti į Vokiečių ordino, 1 / 3 šalies rezervų, Kuršo vyskupas.<br /> * '''1392''' iš Kuršo vyskupas ateina ne savo trečiąjį Kryžiuočių ordino, Popiežius davė jo patvirtinimą (1/4/'''1394'''). Nuo tada miestas priklausė Kryžiuočių ordino Memelio atskirai.<br /> * '''1406''' Pirmosios rytinės Baltijos imigrantus į iš Memelio Žemaitės (ne Lietuva šalis)<br /> * '''14. iki 15 Amžiuje''': Su krikščionybės įvedimo ant žemės išgirsti senovėje. Vietoj to, yra įrašai, kurie buvo parašyti laimėtojai. Skirtumai tarp krikščionių ir pagonių tikėjimo, ritualų ir maldos mirę. Nr piliakalniai bet aptvertas kapinių su kapų serijos. Deginimas mirusiųjų draudžiama, o ne skeletas palaidotas. Dėl Kuršių nerijos padėti vieni kitiems įstaigų apipiltas deginimas anglys. Pagonybė kapo plokštės yra draudžiamas (jie padeda patys yra praturtintas krikščionių simboliai). Jodinėjimas laidojimo draudžiama.<br /> * Skirtingai nuo senojo Prūsijos, yra mažiau Memelio žemės pilis ir gynybinę sieną su medinio tvorelėmis, ir šveitimui ir kliūtys (išskyrus [[Wartulischken]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Wartulischken] / [[Pogegen]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Pogegen] apie bronzos amžiaus)<br /> * Vokiečių ordino Atvežtas iš Rytų ir Italija, stačiakampio fortas, pirmasis iš medžio, vėliau iš plytų ([[Deegeln]] / Memel)[http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Deegeln].<br /> * Pilis kalno pakeičiami kryžiuočių pilis. Žmonių ji vengti, ir žemė aplink jį liko neįvykdytas. <br /> * Kuršio klaidžioja Grįžti į Memel, bet prarado savo gimtąją kalbą ir kalbėti latvių-Kuršių nerija Kuršių. Iš [[Immanuelio Kanto]] tėvas buvo Kuršio [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Pers%C3%B6nlichkeiten_des_Memellandes#Kants_Vorfahren].<br /> *Memel-kultūrą: Be Memelio šalyje buvo atliktas, nes apie 700 AD, be gyventojų kaita. Nuolatinis užimtumas kapinės, Forma nuosekliai lobis, bet eiti pasiūlymus. Konfliktų ir palaikyti ryšius su kitomis kultūromis, o ne kultūra nutraukimo, kaip Senoji Prūsija. <br /> *Reikšmingų skirtumų tarp Lietuvos: Laidojimo papročius, papuošalai, sagės.<br /> * Kuršio pietinės sienos [[Mingės upės]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Minge_(Fluss)]. Į pietus nuo upės Mingės prasideda prūsų-Skalvių sritis. <br /> * Skalvių yra pagal kapas mano senas Kuršio priskirti, kalbiniu požiūriu, jie užima tarpinę vietą tarp prūsų, kuršių ir ir Žemaitės.<br /> * Be Memelio šalyje, nėra amžiaus Suomijos gyventojų vis dar lietuvių.<br /> * '''1410''' Mūšis Žalgirio: Lenkijos ir Lietuvos kariuomenė sumušė Kryžiuočių ordino.<br /> * '''27 vasaris 1422''' Taikos nuo [[Melno]] ežero [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Melnosee]: pirmą kartą buvo vadinama alternatyva pavadinimas Klaipėdoje: &quot;et Castrum Memelio Samogitico '''Cleupeda''' appellatum&quot; (ir Memelio pilis Žemaitijoje Cleupeda).<br /> *'''1456/57''' Dancigo Memelio grobstyti. Jūs išsiliejimo [[Danės upės]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Dange_(Fluss)].<br /> *'''1464''' Karaliaučiaus [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/K%C3%B6nigsberg_in_Preu%C3%9Fen], Dancigo [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Danzig] ir Elbing [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Elbing] užpuolė Memel. Šių reidų pavydas priežastis buvo klestinti prekyba.<br /> *Vokiečių ordino turi atsisakyti Žemaitės. Lietuva gaus kuršių Palanga ir pirmą kartą patekti į Baltijos jūros. Tarp Prūsijoje ir Lietuva siena liko nepakitusi nuo tada iki '''1920''' metų.<br /> * Dykuma pobūdžio šiandienos Memelio šalyje laikotarpį apie '''1400''' yra aprašyta ne tik akto skyriaus 1392 m. labai aiškiai, tačiau taip pat patvirtino taikos sutarties tekstas ežero Melno.<br /> * Į didelį susidomėjimą knygos metai '''1414''', '''1422''' ir '''1437''' (fol. 131), nėra duomenų, atrodo, bet kaimo gyventojams. Ta pati tendencija knygų žalą. Jūs paminėti tik pakenkti iš pilių ar žala žvejų gyventojų, tačiau niekada nekenkia žmonių sėdi šalyje.<br /> * Memelio šalyje buvo '''1400''' m. iki Antrojo [[Torūnės]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Thorn] taika iki vien pilis ir artimiausiose kaimyninėse šalyse, o kai kurios užeigos buvo be gyventojų.<br /> * Gegužės 19 Spalis '''1466''' buvo pasirašyta Antrojo sutarties Thornas tarp Kryžiuočių ordino ir Lenkijos Karalystės.<br /> * Mažoji skverbtis Žemaitės ir Lietuviai. Jie izoliuoti ir yra identifikuojamos pagal pavadinimą Littau, Litwinas, Szemait, Zameit. Vokiečių ordino apima Lietuvos pabėgėliai nuo jų Lenkijos-Lietuvos tauriųjų valdovų ir nesuteikia jiems. Ji yra įforminama dokumentais, kad Vokiečių ordino įsikūrė pabėgėlių lietuviai. Lietuvių ir Žemaitės antplūdis turi iki Rusijos-Lietuvos laikotarpiu.<br /> *25. Vasaris '''1511''' yra dokumentas &quot;Krug auf der Heyde gelegen&quot; paminėti (Šilokarčema). Ji keitėsi vieta [[Heydekrug (Šilutė)]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Heydekrug].<br /> *'''1520''' Karo laivai iš Gdansko Memelio uždegti. Pusė miesto deginamas. Jie mesti akmenį į krovinių jūra ir vidaus vandenimis Danės žiočių. Iki 1814 m. navigacijos Danės sunku.<br /> *'''1525''' Liuteronų doktrina ateina į Memel šalyje. Intelektualinė laisvė reiškia, kad net ne Vokietijos mažumų kalbomis, pavyzdžiui, Lietuvos raštijos Prūsijoje kultura gauta.<br /> <br /> ===Nuo 1525-1722 - pagrindinio biuro laikas===<br /> [[Image: Karte1848coloriert2.JPG|thumb|500px|'''Raudona''': Senas Vieta 1 = Katedra Šv Marien, 2 = žemės bažnyčia Šv Nikolajus, 3 = Miestas bažnyčia Šv Joną. '''Žalia''': Nauja vieta 4 = Šv Joną, 5 = Šv Nikalojus (vėliau Šv Jakobi), 6 = reformatų bažnyčia, 7 = katalikų bažnyčia (imigrantų iš Žemaitės). '''Mėlyna''': senas Dange (Danė) ir malūnas kanalas.]]<br /> <br /> <br /> *'''1525''' buvo, kad valstybės Prūsijos kunigaikštystė pasaulietiška pagal Albrecht von Brandenburg. Paskutinis Ordino didysis magistras buvo pirmasis kunigaikštis. Pokyčiai daugiausia religinio pobūdžio. Protestantizmas pakeičiamas katalikų tikėjimą. Liuterio mokymas nukrito ant derlingos žemės čia.<br /> *Tuo laiko pradžią, kunigaikščio Ordensburg Memel buvo paversta citadelė.<br /> *Tik Krokuva taikos 8 Bal '''1525''' įsteigė kolonizacijos galimybę.<br /> *'''1567''' Pirmasis žydų paminėti [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Juden_im_Memelland].<br /> *'''1568''' Hercogas Albrechtas yra pastatas bažnyčia [[Coadjuthen]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Coadjuthen] (atnaujintas 1772 m. ir 1801 m., sugriauta 1946 metais, šiandien bažnyčia) <br /> *'''1574''' Hercogas Albrechtas yra pastatas bažnyčia [[Piktupönen]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Piktup%C3%B6nen]. 1744 m. ji gavo naują bokštą iš medienos. (sunaikintas)<br /> *'''1580''' Karaliaučiaus siekti uždraudimo ieškinį prieš Memelio uosto, nenorite laivas. <br /> *'''1583''' Memelio grįžti laivybos laisvę. [[Rusnės]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Ru%C3%9F] bažnyčia pastatyta. <br /> *'''1593''' Pradėti komercinės laivų statybos. <br /> *'''1605''' gimimas [[Simonas Dachas]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Pers%C3%B6nlichkeiten_des_Memellandes#Dach.2C_Simon].<br /> *'''1629-1636''' okupacijos švedai.<br /> *'''1638''' Nuo to laiko ji buvo padidinta iki nepaisyti visuomenės žemės bajorais. [[Charlottenhof]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Charlottenhof_(Kr.Memel)] ir [[Tauerlauken]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Gro%C3%9F_Tauerlauken] gauti puikią kompetenciją.<br /> *'''1678''' Švedai imtis Memelio vėl, miestas sudega dar kartą. Pilis ir citadelė gali išgyventi. Švedijos armija juda iki Nemuno. <br /> *'''1679''' invazijos į Švedija: Didžiosios rinkėjas (1620-1688) asmeniškai Kuršių marių ledo. <br /> *Šis įsikuria olandų reformatai princas, Škotijos, Anglijos ir hugenotų į Memel prekiautojai.<br /> *Visi imigrantai turėtų turėti savo bažnyčias: &quot;Suum cuique =&quot; &quot;kiekvienam savo&quot; yra jo šūkis ir &quot;teisingumo visiems&quot;.<br /> *Prūsija tapo pirmąja šiuolaikinės teisės Europos žemyno.<br /> *'''1681/83''' Statyba &quot;Reformatų Bažnyčia&quot; ir Memel [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Memel/Reformierte_Kirche]. Degintas, 1854, nauja statyba vyko 1859 m.<br /> *'''1688/97''' Statyba [[Priekulės]] bažnyčia [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Pr%C3%B6kuls].<br /> *'''1695''' [[Plaschken]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Plaschken] pasireiškia pirmąją bažnyčią. (Sugriauta 1757 m. rusų kareivių, atstatytas tiksliai, pakeistas 1900 m. pastatytas naujas pastatas iš romanų stiliaus).<br /> *'''1704''' Statyba [[Kinten]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Kinten_(Kr.Heydekrug)] bažnyčia, nuo [[Ventės]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Windenburg] 1702 Bažnyčia žlugo.<br /> *'''1709-10''' Didžiosios mirti iš maras 40 procentų Šiaurės Rytų Prūsijos gyventojai. Maras ragina Memelio 2000 m. mirčių.<br /> *Rusijos kariuomenė yra Lenkija ir Lietuva, ir nustatyti politinę kryptį. Taip pat šalyje yra jausmas Memelio poveikį. Kuršo ir Lietuva yra Rusijos dalis, '''1795-1915'''.<br /> *'''1717''' Frydrichas Vilhelmas I (karalius karių) atsiranda bendras muitas, berniukų ir mergaičių mokyklos.<br /> <br /> ===Nuo 1722-1818 - domeno, biurai laikotarpis===<br /> *'''1722''' pagrindinėje buveinėje buvo suskirstyti į mažesnius biurus srityje. Vyriausiojo Memelio biuras dabar sutrupėjo į sritis biurų Althof biuras, biuro [[Klemmenhof]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Klemmenhof], [[Prökuls]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Pr%C3%B6kuls] biuras, biuro [[Heydekrug]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Heydekrug] ir buvęs kolegija biuras [[Rusnė]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Ru%C3%9F].<br /> *Didelių ūkininkų nuomos ūkių '''1724''' kartu su alaus darykla ir spirito varykla. Vilkite smulkus ūkininkas iš mokesčių ir palūkanų. Nuo ''1725'' jie gavo ir teismų praktika civilinėse bylose virš jų subjektai.<br /> *'''1732''' yra perkeltų pabėgėlių iš [[Zalcburgo]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Salzburger_im_Memelland] į evangelikų tikėjimą, kelias atvykti į Memel. <br /> *'''1756-63''' Septynerių metų karas: Rusai sumažinti nerija nuo miško, Kaimai yra išnaudojamas ir reikia persikėlė. 10.000 rusai apgulti Memelio tvirtovės, 110 namai bus ugnis į gabalus. Nepaisant draudimo saugaus elgesio prūsų kariai deportuoti į Rusiją.<br /> *'''1758-1762''' imperatorė 1758-1762 Elžbieta Rusijos priede Rytų Prūsijos kaip Memelio žemės. Rusai atnešė su vidurių šiltine, 8000 žmonių miršta pareigas Memel.<br /> *'''1770''' Frydrichas Didžiosios atsisakė į Memelio tvirtovės. Jis nebėra karinio naudinga.<br /> *'''1806''' statyba Katalikų Bažnyčia Memel.<br /> *'''1807-08''' Memel yra prieš Napeleon trumpas karališkoji rezidencija Prūsijos karališkoji pora (Karalius Frydrichas Vilhelmas III. ir karalienė Luiza), kurie ieškojo apsaugos, į Memel kova. Karalienė Luiza yra suinteresuoti Prūsų Lietuvos moterų kultūros, nes karalienė Luiza buvo labai gerbė Memelio šalyje. Memel miestas tuo metu 5080 gyventojų. Aprūpinimo būstu problemą, kad karaliaus palyda ir karinė dideli. Kontrabanda klesti, nes Napoleono Kontinentinės sistemos. Nepaisant to, yra daug neturtingų žmonių ir elgetos. Situacija bus po Napoleono kariuomenės buvimas už karališkoji pora taip grėsmingas, kad emigracija yra laikoma Rusija.<br /> *Karalienė Luiza skatina jų grįžimą į nuniokojo miškų želdinimo: Plantacijos, [[Melnragė]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Mellneraggen] ir [[Giruliai]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Seebad_F%C3%B6rsterei]. Liaudiškas: „Karalienė Luiza sodinami miškai“.<br /> *Po atsisakymo Prancūzijos judėti, rusai ir iškilmingai kaip išvaduotojai gyventojų.<br /> <br /> ===Nuo 1818-1918 (Restauravimas ir imperija)===<br /> *'''1818 -78''': Žemė priklauso Memelio regiono [[Karaliaučiumi]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/K%C3%B6nigsberg_in_Preu%C3%9Fen]<br /> *'''1820''': Memelio išgyvena ekonomikos bumu.<br /> *'''1831''': Cholera Heydekrug.<br /> *'''1834''': Šiaurės prieplauka Kuršių nerija yra pastatytas. Įsteigimas žemės ūkio asociacijos (Įsigyjant ir išbandant mašinos, gyvulininkystės rodo, žirgų lenktynių, bendravimas).<br /> *'''1841''': Pirmosios garo laivu [[Nemuno Upė]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Memel_(Fluss)]. Baptistai į Memel konfiskavo snukio ir pastatytas bažnyčios New Park šalia karalienė Luiza gimnazijoje [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Schulen_in_Memel#Luisen-Gymnasium].<br /> *'''1842''': Pirmasis Sūris fabrikas (Šveicarijos gyventojai, Zalcburgo ir Fryzai pagerino vietos receptus).<br /> *'''1842''': Kelių Memelio [[Tilžę]] (ji daug metų į priekį eiga) [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Tilsit].<br /> *'''1844''': Pirmosios vaistinė Priekule.<br /> *'''1845''': Kaip miesto salė Memelio miestas, Consentius turto gatvės akcijų įsigijo. Statyba ir Heydekrug teismas.<br /> *'''1847''': Pirmosios šalies paštininkas, 2x per savaitę.<br /> *'''1848 - 1880''': Laikas ir vėl, įvedimo raupsai. Norėdami Memelio apie 36 ligų.<br /> *'''1849''': Įsteigta laikraščio &quot;Memeler Dampfboot&quot; (Memel garo laivas) [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Memeler_Dampfboot]<br /> *'''1852''': Pirmosios miesto medicinos pareigūnas po ilgos paieškos.<br /> *'''1854''' ypač didelis gaisras juostų į Memel. Ant medinių vietas prie Danės upės ugnis tampa 3000 žmonių liko be pastogės. Statyba senamiestyje, kurios vis dar daro ypatingas.<br /> *'''1855''': Telegrafo ryšys Tilžės-Memel. Statyba žiemos uostą Memel [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Hafen_in_Memel].<br /> *'''1856''': Gintaras randamas [[Priekule]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Pr%C3%B6kuls].<br /> *'''1856/58''': Memelio St. Johanni [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Memel/Johanniskirche] bažnyčios Turgaus g. pastatytas [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Marktstra%C3%9Fe_in_Memel]. Ant senų sienų trijų aisled skliautinis bažnyčios salėje bus pastatytas naujas.<br /> *'''1857''': Sinagoga ir pirtis bus pastatyta [[Rusnės]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Ru%C3%9F].<br /> *'''1860''': Gintaras išsiurbtas iš [[Schwarzort]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Schwarzort] apie pramoninę bazę.<br /> *'''1860''': Pirmieji 4 Šalis Pašto dėžutės.<br /> *'''1860''': Memelio pastato rinkos salėje iš medžio pagal Wiener prekybos. Bet sudegė dar 1892 metais ir buvo przebudowany 1899/1900 milžiniška.<br /> *'''1860''': Statyba naujas teismo pastatas iš Medienos g. [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Holzstra%C3%9Fe_in_Memel]<br /> *'''1860/61''' statybos dujų gamyklų. [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Gasanstalt_in_Memel]<br /> *'''Nuo 1860''': Numatoma veislinių. (Daugiausia Trakėnų)<br /> *'''1862''': 1. Remonte rinkos Priekulės (arklius karinių).<br /> *'''1862''': Heydekrug telegrafas [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Post_und_Fernmeldewesen_in_Ostpreu%C3%9Fen].<br /> *'''1862''': Protestantų bažnyčia [[Dawillen]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Dawillen] yra atidarytas.<br /> *Gegužės 10 Rugpjūtis '''1862''' yra kertinis akmuo už Katalikų Bažnyčios statyba [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Memel#Katholische_Kirche]. Gegužės 3 Rugsėjis '''1863''' yra oficialus įšventinimas į naujas katalikų bažnyčia, kuri buvo pastatyta vietoj senosios medinės bažnyčios.<br /> *'''1863''': 2. Rugpjūtis yra skirtas anglikonų (anglų kalba) bažnyčia [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Memel/Englische_Kirche]. (Sunaikintas)<br /> *'''1863''': Vis dar esamą švyturys [[Windenburg]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Windenburg] pakeičia švyturys.<br /> *'''1863''': [[Karalius Vilhelmas kanalo]] statyba [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/K%C3%B6nig-Wilhelm-Kanal].<br /> *'''1866''': Į [[Wieszen]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Wieszen] bažnyčia iškilmingai. (Nėra)<br /> *'''1866''': Naujas įtvirtinimų kyla Memel: dėl sodinių (dabar sporto stotis), citadelė (vėliau pelenai kiemas &quot;) ir William toliau į nerija (dabar Jūrų muziejus patarimas). [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/S%C3%BCderspitze]<br /> *'''1867/68''': Bado metus, dėl blogo oro ir prasto derliaus: Naujai suformuota &quot;Tėvynės moterų asociacija&quot; įsteigė sriuba virtuvė.<br /> *'''1869''': Pirmoji garo kuliamosios mašinos.<br /> *Statant naują fortą prie [[Bommelsvitte]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Bommelsvitte] plantacija (dabar naftos uostas).<br /> *Memelio iš baudžiauninkų išlaisvinimo šūkį.<br /> *Be Memelio prasideda prūsų reformas.<br /> *'''1871''' Vokietijos imperijos įkūrimo: Demokratinių rinkimų teisę: universalios, laisvą, lygią ir slaptą (tik vyrams). Memel yra šiauriausias miestas ir [[Nimerseta]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Nimmersatt] šiauriausia vieta Vokietija.<br /> *po '''1871''': Dėl tautinių mažumų politikos kancleris Bismarkas yra įtampa tarp šalių Memelio ir Lietuviai (Nuo analoginiai ir Mazury Lenkija). Tilžėje susidaryti mažos Lietuvos kultūros draugijos ir laikraščiuose. Dėl didelio masto kultūrinius ir politinius skirtumus ir dėl to, kad skirtingų religijų vienas po Lietuva buvo atmestas. Terminas &quot;Mažoji Lietuva&quot; nėra teisinga, nes &quot;Didžiosios Lietuva&quot; nuo Mindaugo (1203-1263) nebuvo. Ateities būklę Lietuva buvo &quot;Rusų-Lietuvių&quot; ir pagal Rusijos jungą, o &quot;Prūsų Lietuva&quot; priklausė Prūsijos ir Prūsų-Lietuvos gyventojų buvo ištikimi Prūsijos dalykų, kurie naudojasi visomis teisėmis!<br /> *'''1873''' [[Karaliaus Vilhelmo kanalas]] pradėtas [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/K%C3%B6nig-Wilhelm-Kanal]. <br /> *'''1874''': Statyba Imperial Rašyti<br /> *'''1875''': [[Nidos]] švyturys [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Nidden].<br /> *'''1875''': Tilžės Memelio tiltas.<br /> *'''1875''': Memelio prisijungti prie geležinkelių tinklo: [[Heydekrug]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Heydekrug] – [[Pogegen]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Pogegen] – [[Tilžės]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Tilsit].<br /> *'''1878''': [[Schmalleningken]] [[http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Schmalleningken] pakeičiamas bažnyčia. (Sunaikintas)<br /> *'''1879''': Sukurti &quot;Mūsų Direktorato Litterae Visuomenėje&quot; Tilžėje, nuo kurios atsiranda vėliau, &quot;Mažos Lietuvos Tarybos”.<br /> *'''1881''': [[Bachmann]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Bachmann_(Kr.Memel)] ir [[Gropischken]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Gropischken] būti švietimo įstaigose įkurta našlaičiai vaikų elgetavimui.<br /> *'''1881''': Socialinės teisės aktai.<br /> *'''1881''': Be Memelio miestas yra Karalienė Luiza vidurinė mokykla, Viešbutis Victoria, miesto savivaldybėje<br /> *'''1882''': geležinkelio stotis pastatyta.<br /> *'''1884''': [[Trakseden]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Trakseden] durpių sklaidos fabrikas.<br /> *'''1884''': Memelio miesto ligoninėje.<br /> *'''1884/85''': Statyba ir [[Schwarzort]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Schwarzort] bažnyčia, po senas medinė bažnyčia sudegė.<br /> *'''1886''': [[Rucken]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Rucken] pakeičiamas bažnyčia.<br /> *'''1887''': Plėtoti kelių tinklas. Bažnyčia pastatyta [[Laugszargen]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Laugszargen].<br /> *'''1892''': Iš Memelio geležinkelio į [[Bajohren]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Bajohren] pabaigos.<br /> *'''1893''': Memelio Navigacija mokykla [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Schulen_in_Memel#Navigationsschule].<br /> *'''1893''': Nauja (gothic) Post Aleksandras gatve [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Alexanderstra%C3%9Fe_in_Memel] yra susijusi. <br /> *'''1894''': Bommelsvitte žvejybos uosto Walgum. [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Bommelsvitte]<br /> *'''1895''': Epidemija Egipto akių liga.<br /> *'''1896''': Parapijos gauna [[Plicken]] bažnyčia [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Plicken].<br /> *'''1897''': Pasibaigus Prof. Dr. Robert Koch prašyti raupsai namų statybos buvo nuspręsta. Memelio raupsai namų į mišką (1944, 5 pacientų iki dabar)[http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Lepraheim_in_Memel].<br /> *'''1897''': Žemės ūkis: Raiffeisen-steigimo paskolų fondai (pasiūlymai nuolaida trąšų, sėklų, žvejybos tinklai).<br /> *'''1899''': [[Paleiten]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Paleiten] gauna Jubiliejus bažnyčia. (Sunaikintas)<br /> *po '''1900''': Plėtoti maži geležinkeliai.<br /> *'''1900 - 1902''': [[Perwelk]] Švyturys [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Perwelk]. Statyba pietinio molo prie šiaurinio galo nerija. <br /> *'''1900 - 1902''': Statybos savivaldybės ligoninėje Memelio lėšomis prekybos Wiener. (Pavadinta jo vardu, &quot;Wiener's Promenada&quot;) [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Parkstra%C3%9Fe_in_Memel]<br /> *'''1903''' : Pirmosios motorinių traleris dėl marių [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Kahnschiffer_aus_dem_Memelland].<br /> *'''1903''': [[Pasziesen]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Paszieszen] yra parapijos sėdynės, ir taip pat gauna Jubiliejus Bažnyčios.<br /> *'''1903''': Iš baptistų koplyčia [[Mestellen]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Mestellen] pastatyta. Parapijiečiai 130 žmonių<br /> *'''1904''': [[Nida]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Nidden] užtvankos uostas ir prieplaukos.<br /> *'''1904''': [[Nattkischken]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Nattkischken] taip pat gauna vieną iš dvylikos bažnyčios jubiliejui. (Sunaikintas)<br /> *Apie 18 rugpjūtis '''1904''' bus įtraukta į Memel, elektros tramvajai operacijos [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Schienenbetrieb_in_Memel].<br /> *po '''1904''': Planavimo Melioracija (sausinimo), Personalo drenažo asociacijos, Statyba pylimai ir drenažo plotų.<br /> *Žemės ūkis: Veisimo atrankos taisyklės, pieno kontrolės klubai, nuo Priekulės avių kokybės suprantama Vokietija. <br /> *'''1906''': Eksploatacijos ir nedidelį geležinkelių linijos iš Memelio į [[Laugallen]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Schienenbetrieb_in_Memel#Kleinbahn_in_Memel] ir Plicken.<br /> *'''1907''': Karalienė Luiza tilto Nemuno iki Tilžės baigtas po trejų metų statybos.<br /> *23. Rugsėjis '''1907''' Kaiser Wilhelm II buvo iškilmingai atidaryti ir &quot;Borussia&quot; [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Luisenstra%C3%9Fe_in_Memel] Memelio paminklas.<br /> *'''1908''': Memelio senas medinis Karls-tiltas [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Norderhuk_in_Memel] pakeičiamas moderni elektros varikliais Kėlimo tiltas.<br /> *'''1908 -1911''' : Statyba Karaliaus pedagogikos kolegija [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Schulen_in_Memel#Staatliches_Lehrer-Seminar_zu_Memel.2F_Oberschule_f.C3.BCr_Jungen_.28Aufbauform.29], statyba Auguste-Viktorija-licėjus [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Schulen_in_Memel#Auguste-Viktoria-Lyzeum_Memel] su moderniausia mokykla imperija (dabar konservatorijos), statyba kareivinės [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Moltkestra%C3%9Fe_in_Memel] (dabar universitetas).<br /> *'''1909''': Iš [[Kairinn]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Kairinn] bažnyčia iškilmingai. (Sunaikintas) Tuo pat metu statant [[Wannaggen]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Wannaggen] bažnyčia.<br /> *'''1911''': Bažnyčia pašventinta [[Karkelbek]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Karkelbeck]. (Sunaikintas)<br /> *'''1912/13''': Statyba siaurasis geležinkelis Heydekrug - [[Kolleschen]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Kolleschen].<br /> *'''1913''': [[Iszlusze]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Iszlusze] nusausinimo pelkių gyventojai kūrimo vietas (Kolonija [[Bismarck]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Bismarck_(Kr.Heydekrug)]).<br /> *'''1914''': Žemės valdyba gaus automobilis.<br /> *'''1914-18''' Pirmojo pasaulinio karo: '''1914/15''' invazija į rusų Memelio regione. Degimo turto, valstybinių ir privačių pastatų, žiaurumus ir okupaciją Memel. Skrydžio gyventojų ir platinti likusius civilius Rusijos valdžios į Sibirą.<br /> <br /> ===Nuo 1918-1923===<br /> [[Image:Bild_Memelland_Kreise_und_Kirchspiele.jpg|thumb|600 px|Žemėlapis Memelio šalį, jos apskričių ir parapijų per atskyrimo laikotarpis 1920-1939]]<br /> <br /> *'''1918''' sutartis Brest-Litovsk: Šalies gauna Lietuva, Vokietija ir Rusija ir apsisprendimo pripažįstama kaip nepriklausoma valstybė.<br /> *'''1918''': Nedidelė grupė aktyvistų iš Memelio Lietuvos orientuotos sukurti &quot;Nacionalinės tarybos Mažoji Lietuva&quot; ir kvietimo teikti ryšį su Lietuva.<br /> *'''1919''': Lietuva save vadina Memel šalį &quot;senosios Lietuvos&quot; teritorijoje. Lenkija, tačiau taip pat ragina Memelio šalies, ir būtų norėjęs taip pat įtrauktas į Lietuva.<br /> *'''1920''': Memelio teritorijoje yra priklausomas nuo Versalio sutarties sprendimus, Antantės valstybės, nes Lietuva dar nėra teisiškai pripažintos ir Prancūzijos Memelio verčiau išlaikyti vieningą Lenkijos-Lietuvos valstybėje.<br /> *Pagal Lenkijos įtaką ir dėl kovos su Vokietijos požiūris Clemceaus bręsta Lietuva, sprendimas &quot;prastas pavergė lietuvių Rytų Prūsijoje atleisti iš vokiečių jungo&quot; nori.<br /> *Apie 27.1.'''1920''', Memel šalies atskirtas nuo Vokietijos imperijos ir Tautų Lygos administracija (prancūzų mandatas prielaida), Mažas Prancūzijos okupacijos ateina Memelio (generalinis Oderio, pilietinės komisaras Petisne).<br /> *Kol yra Lenkijos ir Lietuvos konfederacija galimybė, Lenkija remia Lietuva pastangas Memelio srityje. Lenkija gali būti Baltijos šalių aktyvi, nes ekonominės ir politinės veiklos Vokietijoje ir Lietuva buvo riboti. Lietuva buvo dėl neišspręstų konfliktų Vilniaus nėra teisiškai pripažįstami.<br /> *'''1921''': Darbo grupės dėl Memelio, kuri buvo įkurta Vokietijos-Lietuvos federalinės tėvynės iniciatyva, narė surengė apklausą: Iš 71856 teisę turinčių 54.429 pasisako už laisvą valstybę, iš Memelio (78.75% prieš ryšys su Lietuva).<br /> *'''1922''' : Be Lietuva, prasideda planavimas karinės okupacijos Memel. Memelio miestas 93% vokiečių, į Memel srityje, tačiau, kad prūsų-lietuvių nuo 63% gyventojų iš viso. Nepaisant to, jie nenori prisijungti prie Atgal į ją akis ir, skirtingai nuo jų protestantų pavadinimą dauguma katalikų lietuviai. Be to, latvių ir prūsų ir kuršių ir žemaitės įspaudų kalba skiriasi nuo lietuvių kalbos.<br /> *Galvanauskas ministras pirmininkas pranešė Vokietijos ambasadorius užimti Memelio šalyje. Vokietija pranešė sutikimas lietuvių atsparumą stiprinti Lenkijos.<br /> *Galvanauskas prasideda “operacija Memelio” planuoti ir tapę Lietuvos šaudymo. Simonaitis buvo ką tik grįžusi iš ambasadorių Paryžiuje konferencijos ir pasakoja apie sprendimą įkurti laisvą valstybę. Jis paaiškino, kad lietuviai buvo Klaipėdiškiai praktinių materialists, lėtai, atsilieka ir niekada pradėti sukilimą būtų.<br /> *Lietuviai prasidės Memelio regione įsteigti vietos šauliai asociacijos. Vaidmenį mažos Lietuvos asociacija &quot;Santaros“. Buvo grupių paslaptis Lietuvos mieste, siekiant stiprinti nacionalinį identitetą Mažoji Lietuva laisvai jas ir vienytis su Lietuva brolį (tačiau mažai broliai Memelio šalis nenorėjo priklausyti Lietuva). <br /> *Sukurti federalinės Memelio Šaudyklės vadovaujant Kumietis iš Kauno. Lietuviai gavo iš Vokietijos 1500 vokiečių šautuvų ir šviesos Kulkosvaidis ir 5 šoviniai lengvatinėmis sąlygomis. Galvanauskas mokama iš slapto fondo.<br /> *Kai diegimas Lietuvos kovotojai išmaišyti ne vieną vokiečių policijos.<br /> <br /> ===Aneksija Lietuva 1923 -1939===<br /> *'''1923''' m. Memelio šalies užmaskuoti kaip civilius Lietuvos partizanai užėmė. Jie išvijo prancūzų mandatas ir okupuoti Memelio šalyje.<br /> *Per lietuvių invazija vos dalyvavo vietiniai gyventojai. Budrys, iš Pogegen ūkininkas atmetė sukilimo lyderio. Povilaitis vėliau perėmė pavadinimą save kaip Memelio klausimas.<br /> *Ekonominės padėties Lietuva buvo palanki. Dėl infliacijos, žmonių laimingas Lietuva, kad devalvacija būtų vokiško prekių ženklo, pasekėjus Lietuva pareikšti daugiau žiūrovų nei geriausia agitacija. Be Memelio šalyje padidėjo duonos kainos, produktų asortimentas buvo ribotas, kad Klaipėdiškiai pasveikino įvedus litą.<br /> *Po laisvos valstybės statusą skelbimas nusprendė Galvanauskas dėl invazijos preparatai. &quot;Komiteto Išsaugoti Mažoji Lietuva&quot; pasirinkite platinamas skrydžio lapai vokiečių kalba &quot;prieš iš Memelio teritoriją transformacijos Lenkijos kolonija&quot; reikėtų &quot;mažesnis blogis&quot; Lietuva. Užduotis Lietuvos šauliai asociacijos buvo paslėpti Lietuvos kariuomenės sukilimo dalyvavimą.<br /> *Pagal gautus iš Lietuvos kariai: 2.000 - 3.000 vyrų (daugelis klaidingai skaičius apyvartoje)<br /> *Pagal gautus iš Prancūzijos gynėjus: 200 kariai 20-25 kulkosvaidžius.<br /> *Lietuvos įmonės bus imtasi traukiniu iki Memelio sienos. Dėl traukinio trunka tik vieną su civiliais drabužiais, tačiau šį nuoseklumą. Kai kareiviai, drabužiai netrunka, kad jie galėtų išeiti.<br /> *Galvanauskas komandą: mandagus, ne plėšti, geriamojo ir ne politinės kalbos. Lietuvos dokumentai ir duoti viską, kas, kad nuorodos į Lietuvos tapatybę (tai gali degtukai, tabako), turi išlikti Lietuva. Lankstinukų vokiečių pilni Lietuvos frazes, kad galima daryti išvadą, kad jie buvo parašyti lietuvių.<br /> *Lietuviai ateina į Memel šalis, pirmiausia Heydekrug, nes ten gyventojų didesnę negu Prūsijoje ir Lietuva yra Klaipėda. Rasės padėtis vis dar pasyvi.<br /> *Komanda Kauno, Memel užpildyti iš pietų.<br /> *Invazija į Memel lietuviai. Tik kareivinės lieka užimta prancūzų.<br /> *Nugaišę skaičius perdėti lietuviai. Dokumentais, 10 lietuviai, bet ir 2 Prancūzijos ir 1 vokiečių policininkas.<br /> *Reguliari kariuomenė turi būti grąžintos į Lietuva.<br /> *Lietuvos vyriausybė &quot;apgailestavo“, kad jos neturi Memelio maištininkai gali padėti.<br /> *Polovinskas nustato iš Lietuvos šauliai ir laisva valia Memelio šalies kariuomenė. Memelio daugiau šalių prisijungti prie praktinių priežasčių, nes jie bus sumokėti 2 Lt / dienai suteikta tai, kas nurodyta neigiamai Kaune.<br /> *Lietuvos Reguliariai keičiasi kas 3 savaites, nes ji daugiausia Žemaitės teikia Lietuvos vadas disparagingly vadinamas &quot;kontrabandininkų&quot;.<br /> *Siekiant nuslėpti tikrąją padėtį tarptautinių, Lietuvos naujienų agentūra pastos, kad nei reguliarus, nei nereguliarus kariuomenė kirto sieną į Memel.<br /> *Už Lietuva, Memel buvo šalies okupacijos drąsus žingsnis, kuris buvo valstybės kūrimo veiksnys. Nepaisant to, Versalio sutartį buvo sulaužytos.<br /> *Ambasadorių konferencija pripažino aneksiją kaip faktą.<br /> *Prancūzijos kariuomenės (visų dalykų aukštų kalnų kariai!) liko Memelio srityje.<br /> *Vokietijoje, buvo Lietuvos suverenitetas, o ne prancūzų vienas.<br /> *Memelio šalys gali pasirinkti Vokietija ir Lietuva. Dauguma renkasi Vokietijoje ir pereiti prie Rytų Prūsijos. Mažiau nei 600 150000 parinktį Lietuva. Reicho Vokietijos pareigūnai ir mokytojai apie.<br /> *Kaip '''1924''' m. šalyje per Memel Memelio konvencijos yra savarankiška teritorijoje pagal Lietuva suverenitetas. Oficialios kalbos, buvo vokiečių ir lietuvių kalbomis. Buvo stipri įtampa per daugiausia vokiškai mąstančių žmonių su Lietuvos valdžios institucijomis, baigiant karo padėtį įvedimo ir kai rodo tyrimai.<br /> *Lietuva stengėsi, kad Klaipėdiškiai lietuviai.<br /> *Masinės imigracijos lietuvių, daugiausia iš žemiausios.<br /> *Buvęs sezoniniams darbuotojams, kurie susiję su buvusio meistrų, teismai veikia, šalies žemyn.<br /> *Nepaisant industrializacijos ir plėtros uosto su pastovios įtampos ir konfliktų Kaunas.<br /> *Parlamente, Lietuvos partijos gauna tik 2-5 sėdynės (iš 29).<br /> *'''1926-1938''' Memelio šalį kare. Net Lietuvos mąstančių žmonių, kaip I. Simonaitytės įširdo apie supratimą apie lietuvius vietos problemas stoka.<br /> *'''1938''' Laisvi rinkimai: rinkimai dalyvavimas 97%; Vokietijos vienybės sąrašą 87,2%, 12,8% Lietuvos sąrašai.<br /> *Lietuva pranešė, jog yra pasirengusi derėtis su Vokietija. Vokietijos slėgis (Ribentropo), Lietuva buvo iš karto pasiruošęs atsisakyti Memel.<br /> *Vokietijos karių žygiavimas. Hitleris sako į Memel ir pradžiuginti žmones, nes jie yra atleidžiami nuo mokesčio. Žmonės nepripažįsta totalitarinių struktūrų ir rodyti tik Lietuva išlaisvinimas.<br /> <br /> ===Grįžti į Vokietija 1939-1945===<br /> *'''1939''' m. ši teritorija buvo vėl grąžintas į Vokietijos Reicho ir Aneksija Rytų Prūsijos su ratą formavimas Memelio ir Tilžės Heydekrug Ragainės.<br /> *Skrydis iš žydų Memelio su Lietuva, daugiausia netoli sienos miestuose ir kaimuose.<br /> *'''1941''' invazija į Sovietų Sąjungą. Žudymas žydų gyventojų Lietuva, įskaitant žydų pabėgėliai iš Memelio.<br /> *Hitleris lieka 40.000 vokiečių iš Lietuvos TSR į Vokietiją persikelti (arba lenkų okupuotose teritorijose). Tūkstančiai gyventojų Memelio su Lietuvos tapatybę ir vokiškai kalbanti politinė kairėje būti išsiųstas į rytus.<br /> *Spalio '''1944''' Memel ir Memelio apie vokiečių civilių gyventojų būtų evakuotas, tačiau kuriame evakuacijos tvarka pradedama taikyti per vėlai.<br /> *Paskutinis skrydžio Memelio miesto prasideda 08/10/'''1944'''.<br /> *Sovietai gauti atkirsti ties Palanga Baltijos jūra ir Kuršių armijos.<br /> *Į pietus Raudonosios armijos įsiveržė į Heydekrug dėl 09/10/'''1944'''. Ne Rusnės tiltas susprogdintas vokiečių kareiviai. Po to nepavyksta Klaipėdiškiai tūkstančių bėgti, kai išgelbėti per Kuršių marias ir Kuršių neriją.<br /> *'''1945''' Raudonoji armija okupavo dar iki 1945 m. tiltu gynė Memel. Tik keletas Vokietijos vis dar gyvena labai pakenkė bombardavimas ir išlukštenimas Memelio miestas. <br /> *Lietuviai ateina per sieną į šalį ir Memelio susiję buvusios Vokietijos ūkiuose ir namuose. Grįžti pabėgėliai rasti jų valdomo nekilnojamojo turto ir turi apsižvalgyti kitur.<br /> *Dauguma buvusių Memelio gyventojų ir jų palikuonių gyvena šiandien Vokietijoje.<br /> <br /> ==Lietuvos laikotarpiu 1945 m. Dabartinis==<br /> ===Sovietmečiu 1945-1989===<br /> *Memelio teritorija priklauso Lietuva nuo '''1945''' metų.<br /> *Pirmaisiais metais Memelio daugelyje šalių, tačiau taip pat imigrantų lietuvių buvo ištremti į Sibirą.<br /> *Be '''1950's''' ir '''1960's''' išvykimo beveik dešimt tūkstančių tėvynėje likusių Memel į Vokietiją.<br /> <br /> ===Nuo Lietuva nepriklausomybę 1989 m. iki šių===<br /> *'''1989''' pasikeitus politinei Lietuva: Lietuvos nepriklausomybę nuo Rusijos kainuos kai gyvenime.<br /> *Daugelis Vokietijos būtų suduoti Memelio (namų turistai).<br /> *Daugelis Vokietijos Memelio šalis remti jėgas, galima renovuoti bažnyčios ir kapinių rekonstrukcijos.<br /> *Tačiau šioje šalyje gyvenančių vokiečių Memelio Memelio šalys daugiausia prarado savo nuosavybę atgal, 1945 m. po to, kai Lietuva nepriklausomybę, nors kartais tik iš dalies.<br /> *'''2002''' Memelio miestas švenčia savo 750 metų sukakčiai su daugeliu buvusios Memelio šalių ir kitų svečių iš Vokietijos.<br /> *'''2004''' m. įstojusių į Europos Sąjungą.<br /> <br /> == Duomenys iš genealoginių indekso vietas ==<br /> &lt;gov&gt;object_298734&lt;/gov&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Kategorija: Istorinė teritorija]]<br /> [[Kategorija: Vokietija]]<br /> [[Kategorija: Lietuva]]<br /> [[Category: Historical Territory]]<br /> [[Category: Germany]]<br /> [[Category: Lithuania]]<br /> <br /> lt:Klaipėdos kraštas <br /> lt:Klaipėda</div> Thu, 08 Apr 2010 20:33:44 GMT Kaukas http://wiki-en.genealogy.net/Talk:Klaip%C4%97dos_kra%C5%A1ta http://wiki-en.genealogy.net/Portal:Societies <p>Baumbuwegen: Created page with '{|width=&quot;100%&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;empty-cells:show;&quot; |colspan=3 | {|width=&quot;100%&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; valign=&quot;to...'</p> <hr /> <div>{|width=&quot;100%&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;empty-cells:show;&quot;<br /> |colspan=3 |<br /> {|width=&quot;100%&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; <br /> |colspan=1 |<br /> {|width=&quot;100%&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;empty-cells:show;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> {|{{Tableframe}}<br /> |-<br /> | {{Tablehead}} |<br /> &lt;big&gt;'''Portal Genealogical Societies'''&lt;/big&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> [[Image:Icon portal societies.svg|64px|left|Portal Genealogical Societies]]<br /> <br /> A lot of [[:de:Kategorie:Genealogische Institution|genealogical societies]] present themselves on the server of the [[CompGen|Society for Computergenealogy e.V.]] and participate in '''[[:de:Projekte|projects]]'''.<br /> <br /> May be you usually are not very interested in a membership of any society but in this case - it can be worth! Further, societies arrange many [[:de:Portal:Genealogische Veranstaltungen|genealogical events]].<br /> <br /> |}<br /> |}<br /> |-<br /> |width=&quot;100%&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; |<br /> {|width=&quot;100%&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;empty-cells:show;&quot;<br /> |<br /> {|{{Tableframe}}<br /> | {{Tablehead2}} |<br /> '''Homepages of genealogical societies on this server'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |<br /> {|width=&quot;100%&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;empty-cells:show;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |width=&quot;35%&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|[[Image:Logo_ag-jeverland.png]]<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;|<br /> *'''[http://www.genealogienetz.de/vereine/ag-jeverland Arbeitsgemeinschaft Familiengeschichtsforschung im Jeverland]'''<br /> *[[:de:Arbeitsgemeinschaft Familiengeschichtsforschung im Jeverland|... in GenWiki]]<br /> |-<br /> |width=&quot;35%&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|[[Image:logo_amfl_small.gif]]<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;|<br /> *'''[http://www.genealogienetz.de/vereine/AMF/AMF.html Arbeitsgemeinschaft für mitteldeutsche Familienforschung e.V. (AMF)]'''<br /> *[[:de:Arbeitsgemeinschaft für mitteldeutsche Familienforschung e.V. (AMF)|... in GenWiki]]<br /> |-<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|[[Image:logo_ag_magdeburg_small.gif]]<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;|<br /> *'''[http://www.genealogienetz.de/vereine/AG-Magdeburg/ Arbeitsgemeinschaft Genealogie/Familienforschung Magdeburg (D)] / [http://www.genealogienetz.de/vereine/AG-Magdeburg/englisch.htm (E)]'''<br /> *[[:de:Arbeitsgemeinschaft Genealogie Magdeburg|... in GenWiki]]<br /> |-<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|<br /> [[Image:logo_aggsh_small.jpg|link=Arbeits-Gemeinschaft Genealogie Schleswig-Holstein e.V. (AGGSH)]]<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;|<br /> *'''[http://www.genealogienetz.de/vereine/aggsh/index.html Arbeitsgemeinschaft Genealogie Schleswig-Holstein e.V.]'''<br /> *[[:de:Arbeits-Gemeinschaft Genealogie Schleswig-Holstein e.V. (AGGSH)|... in GenWiki]]<br /> |-<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|<br /> [[Image:logo_agoff_small.gif|link=Arbeitsgemeinschaft ostdeutscher Familienforscher e.V. (AGoFF)]]<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;|<br /> *'''[http://www.genealogienetz.de/vereine/AGoFF/AGoFF-d.html Arbeitsgemeinschaft ostdeutscher Familienforscher e.V. (AGoFF)]'''<br /> *[[:de:Arbeitsgemeinschaft ostdeutscher Familienforscher e.V. (AGoFF)|... in GenWiki]]<br /> |-<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|<br /> [[Image:logo_akdff_small.gif|link=Arbeitskreis donauschwäbischer Familienforscher (AKdFF)]]<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;|<br /> *'''[http://www.genealogienetz.de/vereine/AKdFF/index.html Arbeitskreis donauschwäbischer Familienforscher e.V. AKdFF (D)] / [http://www.genealogienetz.de/vereine/AKdFF/akdff-en.html (E)]'''<br /> *[[:de:Arbeitskreis donauschwäbischer Familienforscher (AKdFF)|... in GenWiki]]<br /> |-<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|<br /> [[Image:logo_aksl.gif|link=Arbeitskreis für Siebenbürgische Landeskunde e.V. (AKSL)]]<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;|<br /> *'''[http://www.genealogienetz.de/vereine/AKSL/index.html Arbeitskreis für Siebenbürgische Landeskunde e. V. (AKSL)]'''<br /> *[[:de:Arbeitskreis für Siebenbürgische Landeskunde e.V. (AKSL)|... in GenWiki]]<br /> |-<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|<br /> [[Image:Wappen_Stolp_klein.png|link=Arbeitskreis Heimat- und Familienforschung Stolper Lande]]<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;|<br /> *'''[http://www.stolper-heimatkreise-ev.de Stolper Heimatkreise e.V.]'''<br /> *[[:de:Arbeitskreis Heimat- und Familienforschung Stolper Lande|... Arbeitskreis Heimat- und Familienforschung Stolper Lande im GenWiki]]<br /> |-<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|<br /> [[Image:logo_blf_small.gif|link=Bayerischer Landesverein für Familienkunde e.V. (BLF)]]<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;|<br /> *'''[http://www.genealogienetz.de/vereine/BLF/ Bayerischer Landesverein für Familienkunde e.V. (BLF)]'''<br /> *[[:de:Bayerischer Landesverein für Familienkunde e.V. (BLF)|... in GenWiki]]<br /> |-<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|<br /> [[Image:Logo_BGG-Adler.png|link=Brandenburgische Genealogische Gesellschaft - Roter Adler e.V.]]<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;|<br /> *'''[http://www.genealogienetz.de/vereine/bgg-adler Brandenburgische Genealogische Gesellschaft - Roter Adler e.V. (BGG)]'''<br /> *[[:de:Brandenburgische Genealogische Gesellschaft - Roter Adler e.V.|... in GenWiki]]<br /> |-<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;| [[Image:DAGV Logo.svg|100px]]<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;|<br /> *'''[http://www.genealogienetz.de/vereine/DAGV/index.html Deutsche Arbeitsgemeinschaft genealogischer Verbände e.V. (DAGV)]'''<br /> *[[:de:Deutsche Arbeitsgemeinschaft genealogischer Verbände e.V. (DAGV)|... in GenWiki]]<br /> |-<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|<br /> [[Image:logo_maus_small.gif|link=Die Maus, Gesellschaft für Familienforschung e.V. (Bremen)]]<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;|<br /> *'''[http://www.genealogienetz.de/vereine/maus/index.html Die Maus, Gesellschaft für Familienforschung in Bremen, e.V. (D)] / [http://www.genealogienetz.de/vereine/maus/index_e.htm (E)]'''<br /> *[[:de:Die Maus, Gesellschaft für Familienforschung e.V. (Bremen)|... in GenWiki]]<br /> |-<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|<br /> [[Image:logo_ag_dresden_small.png|link=Dresdner Verein für Genealogie e.V. (DVG)]]<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;|<br /> *'''[http://www.genealogienetz.de/vereine/ag-dresden/ Dresdner Verein für Genealogie e.V. (DVG)]'''<br /> *[[:de:Dresdner Verein für Genealogie e.V. (DVG)|... in GenWiki]]<br /> |-<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|<br /> [[Image:Esenser-baer.png|100px|link=Familienforschungsgruppe Esens]]<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;|<br /> *'''[http://www.genealogy.net/vereine/famfo-esens/ Familienforschungsgruppe Esens]'''<br /> *[[:de:Familienforschungsgruppe Esens|... in GenWiki]]<br /> |-<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|<br /> [[Image:Wappen_Memelländische_Familienforschung.gif|100px|link=Familienforschung Memelland]]<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;|<br /> *'''[http://de.groups.yahoo.com/group/memelland/ Familienforschungs Memelland]'''<br /> *[[:de:Familienforschung Memelland|... in GenWiki]]<br /> |-<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|<br /> [[Image:logo_mvm_small.gif|link=Familienkundliche Vereinigung der Männer vom Morgenstern Heimatbund an Elb- und Wesermündung e.V.]]<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;|<br /> *'''[http://www.genealogienetz.de/vereine/MvM/ Familienkundliche Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Männer vom Morgenstern - Heimatbund an Elb- und Wesermündung e.V.]'''<br /> *[[:de:Familienkundliche Vereinigung der Männer vom Morgenstern Heimatbund an Elb- und Wesermündung e.V.|... in GenWiki]]<br /> |-<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|<br /> [[Image:Logo_fgfnf.png|link=Familienkundliche Gesellschaft für Nassau und Frankfurt e. V.]]<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;|<br /> *'''[http://www.genealogienetz.de/vereine/fgnff/ Familienkundliche Gesellschaft für Nassau und Frankfurt e. V.]'''<br /> *[[:de:Familienkundliche Gesellschaft für Nassau und Frankfurt e. V.|... in GenWiki]]<br /> |-<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|<br /> [[Image:Logo Genealogische Gesellschaft HH 2010.png|100px|link=Genealogische Gesellschaft Hamburg e.V.]]<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;|<br /> *'''[http://www.genealogienetz.de/vereine/GGHH/index.html Genealogische Gesellschaft Hamburg e.V.]'''<br /> *[[:de:Genealogische Gesellschaft Hamburg e.V.|... in GenWiki]]<br /> |-<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|<br /> [[Image:Logo_GK-Siemens.png|link=Genealogischer Kreis Siemens Erlangen e. V. (GKSIE)]]<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;|<br /> *'''[http://gksiemens.genealogy.net/index.html Genealogischer Kreis Siemens Erlangen e. V. (GKSIE)]'''<br /> *[[:de:Genealogischer Kreis Siemens Erlangen e. V.|... in GenWiki]]<br /> |-<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|<br /> [[Image:logo_gvc_small.gif|link=Genealogischer Verein Chemnitz e.V. (GVC)]]<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;|<br /> *'''[http://www.gv-chemnitz.de Genealogischer Verein Chemnitz e.V.]'''<br /> *[[:de:Genealogischer Verein Chemnitz e.V. (GVC)|... in GenWiki]]<br /> |-<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|<br /> [[Image:logo_gff_small.jpg|link=Gesellschaft für Familienforschung in Franken e.V. (GFF)]]<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;|<br /> *'''[http://www.gf-franken.de/ Gesellschaft für Familienforschung in Franken (GFF)]'''<br /> *[[:de:Gesellschaft für Familienforschung in Franken e.V. (GFF)|... in GenWiki]]<br /> |-<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|<br /> [[Image:GFO-Schild-farbig.jpg|100 px|link=Gesellschaft für Familienforschung in der Oberpfalz e.V. (GFO)]]<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;|<br /> *'''[http://www.genealogienetz.de/vereine/GFO Gesellschaft für Familienforschung in der Oberpfalz e.V. (GFO)]'''<br /> *[[:de:Gesellschaft für Familienforschung in der Oberpfalz e.V. (GFO)|... in GenWiki]]<br /> |-<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|[[Image:GFKW_logo.svg|100px]]<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;|<br /> *'''[http://www.gfkw.de/ Gesellschaft für Familienkunde in Kurhessen und Waldeck e.V. (GFKW)]'''<br /> *[[:de:Gesellschaft für Familienkunde in Kurhessen und Waldeck e.V. (GFKW)|... in GenWiki]]<br /> |-<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|<br /> [[Image:logo_gfw_small.gif|link=Gruppen Familien- und Wappenkunde (GFW) in der Stiftung Bahn-Sozialwerk (BSW)]]<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;|<br /> *'''[http://www.genealogienetz.de/vereine/GFW/ Gruppen Familien- und Wappenkunde in der Stiftung Bahn-Sozialwerk (GFW/BSW)]'''<br /> *[[:de:Gruppen Familien- und Wappenkunde (GFW) in der Stiftung Bahn-Sozialwerk (BSW)|... in GenWiki]]<br /> |-<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|<br /> [[Image:Schild Zum Kleeblatt.jpg|100px|link=Heraldischer Verein zum Kleeblatt e.V.]]<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;|<br /> * '''[http://www.zum-kleeblatt.de/ Heraldischer Verein Zum Kleeblatt von 1888 zu Hannover e.V.]'''<br /> * [[:de:Heraldischer Verein zum Kleeblatt e.V.|... in GenWiki]]<br /> |-<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|<br /> [[Image:herold_neu.png|100px|link=HEROLD]]<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;|<br /> *'''[http://www.genealogienetz.de/vereine/herold/index.html Herold - Verein für Heraldik, Genealogie und verwandte Wissenschaften zu Berlin e.V.]'''<br /> *[[:de:HEROLD|... in GenWiki]]<br /> |-<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|<br /> [[Image:logo_hfv_small.gif|link=Hessische familiengeschichtliche Vereinigung e.V. (HfV)]]<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;|<br /> *'''[http://www.genealogienetz.de/vereine/HFV/index.html Hessische familiengeschichtliche Vereinigung e.V. (HfV)]'''<br /> *[[:de:Hessische familiengeschichtliche Vereinigung e.V. (HfV)|... in GenWiki]]<br /> |-<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|<br /> [[Image:logo_mfp_small.gif|link=Verein für mecklenburgische Familien- und Personengeschichte e.V. (MFP)]]<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;|<br /> *'''[http://www.genealogienetz.de/vereine/MFP/index.html Verein für mecklenburgische Familien- und Personengeschichte e.V. (MFP)]'''<br /> *[[:de:Verein für mecklenburgische Familien- und Personengeschichte e.V. (MFP)|... in GenWiki]]<br /> |-<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|<br /> [[Image:NLF-Logo.png|link=Niedersächsischer Landesverein für Familienkunde e.V. (NLF)]]<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;|<br /> *'''[http://www.genealogienetz.de/vereine/NLF/ Niedersächsischer Landesverein für Familienkunde e.V.]'''<br /> *[[:de:Niedersächsischer Landesverein für Familienkunde e.V. (NLF)|... in GenWiki]]<br /> |-<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|<br /> [[Image:logo_ogf_small.gif|link=Oldenburgische Gesellschaft für Familienkunde e.V.]]<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;|<br /> *'''[http://www.genealogienetz.de/vereine/OGF/index.html Oldenburgische Gesellschaft für Familienkunde]'''<br /> *[[:de:Oldenburgische Gesellschaft für Familienkunde e.V.|... in GenWiki]]<br /> |-<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|<br /> [[Image:PRFK Logo.jpg|100px|link=Pfälzisch-Rheinische Familienkunde e.V.]]<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;|<br /> *'''[http://www.genealogienetz.de/vereine/PRFK Pfälzisch-Rheinische Familienkunde e. V.]'''<br /> *[[:de:Pfälzisch-Rheinische Familienkunde e.V.|... in GenWiki]]<br /> |-<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|<br /> [[Image:logo_greif_small.gif|link=Pommerscher Greif e.V.]]<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;|<br /> *'''[http://www.genealogienetz.de/vereine/PG/index.html Pommerscher Greif e.V. - Verein für pommersche Familien- und Ortsgeschichte]'''<br /> *[[:de:Pommerscher Greif e.V.|... in GenWiki]]<br /> |-<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|<br /> [[Image:logo_rzd_small.gif|link=Roland zu Dortmund e.V.]]<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;|<br /> *'''[http://www.genealogienetz.de/vereine/rzd/index.html Roland zu Dortmund]'''<br /> *[[:de:Roland zu Dortmund e.V.|... in GenWiki]]<br /> |-<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|<br /> [[Image:logo_shfam_small.gif|link=Schleswig-Holsteinische Familienforschung e.V. (SHFam)]]<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;|<br /> *'''[http://www.genealogienetz.de/vereine/SHFam/index.html Schleswig-Holsteinische Familienforschung e.V. in Kiel]'''<br /> *[[:de:Schleswig-Holsteinische Familienforschung e.V. (SHFam)|... in GenWiki]]<br /> |-<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|<br /> [[Image:logo_upstalsboom_small.gif|link=Upstalsboom-Gesellschaft für historische Personenforschung und Bevölkerungsgeschichte in Ostfriesland e.V.]]<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;|<br /> *'''[http://www.genealogienetz.de/vereine/UG/index.html UPSTALSBOOM - GESELLSCHAFT für historische Personenforschung und Bevölkerungsgeschichte in Ostfriesland e.V.]'''<br /> *[[:de:Upstalsboom-Gesellschaft für historische Personenforschung und Bevölkerungsgeschichte in Ostfriesland e.V.|... in GenWiki]]<br /> |-<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|<br /> [[Image:logo_compgen_small.png|link=Verein für Computergenealogie e.V.]]<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;|<br /> *'''[http://www.genealogienetz.de/vereine/CompGen/index.php Verein für Computergenealogie e.V.]'''<br /> *[[:de:Verein für Computergenealogie e.V.|... in GenWiki]]<br /> *[[:de:Verein für Computergenealogie e.V./FAQ|... FAQ Compgen]]<br /> |-<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|<br /> [[Image:logo_vffow_small.gif|link=Verein für Familienforschung in Ost- und Westpreussen e.V. (VFFOW)]]<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;|<br /> *'''[http://www.genealogienetz.de/vereine/VFFOW/vffow.htm Verein für Familienforschung in Ost- und Westpreussen]'''<br /> *[[:de:Verein für Familienforschung in Ost- und Westpreussen e.V. (VFFOW)|... in GenWiki]]<br /> |-<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|<br /> [[Image:Logo_VFWKWB.svg|100px|link=Verein für Familien- und Wappenkunde in Württemberg und Baden e.V. (VFWKWB]]<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;|<br /> *'''[http://www.genealogienetz.de/vereine/VFWKWB/VFWKWB-d.html Verein für Familien- und Wappenkunde in Württemberg und Baden e.V. (VFWKWB) (D)] / [http://www.genealogienetz.de/vereine/VFWKWB/VFWKWB.html (E)]'''<br /> *[[:de:Verein für Familien- und Wappenkunde in Württemberg und Baden e.V. (VFWKWB)|... in GenWiki]]<br /> |-<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|<br /> [[Image:logo_ch_sgff_small.gif|link=Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Familienforschung (SGFF)]]<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;|<br /> *'''[http://www.sgffweb.ch/ Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Familienforschung (SGFF) (de/fr/it/en)]'''<br /> :'''Regional societies:''' [http://www.ghgrb.ch Regio Basel] - [http://www.ghgb.ch Bern] - [http://www.genealogie-zentral.ch Zentralschweiz] - [http://www.rvff.ch Graubünden] - [http://www.ghgo.ch Ostschweiz] - [http://www.ghgz.ch Zürich] - [http://swiss.genealogy.net/ver/frinfo-f.htm Fribourg] - [http://www.jura.ch/cgaeb Jura] - [http://www.sngenealogie.ch Neuchâtel] - [http://www.aveg.ch/index_de.php Valais] - [http://www.ancetres.ch Vaud] - [http://www.genealogienetz.de/reg/CH/ver/tiinfo-e.htm Ticino]<br /> *[[:de:Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Familienforschung (SGFF)|... in GenWiki]]<br /> |-<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|<br /> [[Image:logo_ch_svjg_small.gif|link=Schweizerische Vereinigung für Jüdische Genealogie]]<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;|<br /> *'''[http://www.genealogienetz.de/reg/CH/ver/jeinfo-d.htm Schweizerische Vereinigung für jüdische Genealogie]'''<br /> *[[:de:Schweizerische Vereinigung für Jüdische Genealogie|... in GenWiki]]<br /> |-<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|<br /> [[Image:VSCOLNEU_small.jpg|100px|link=Vereinigung Sudetendeutscher Familienforscher (VSFF)]]<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;|<br /> *'''[http://www.genealogienetz.de/vereine/VSFF/vsff-de.html Vereinigung Sudetendeutscher Familienforscher (VSFF)]'''<br /> *[[:de:Vereinigung Sudetendeutscher Familienforscher (VSFF)|... in GenWiki]]<br /> |-<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|<br /> [[Image:Logo7.jpg|link=Westdeutsche Gesellschaft für Familienkunde e.V. (WGfF), Sitz Köln]]<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;|<br /> *'''[http://www.genealogienetz.de/vereine/wgff/ Westdeutsche Gesellschaft für Familienkunde e.V. (WGFF)]'''<br /> *[[:de:Westdeutsche Gesellschaft für Familienkunde e.V. (WGfF), Sitz Köln|... in GenWiki]]<br /> |-<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|<br /> [[Image:logo_westfalengen_small.gif|link=Westfälische Gesellschaft für Genealogie und Familienforschung]]<br /> |valign=&quot;center&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;|<br /> *'''[http://www.genealogienetz.de/vereine/westfalengen/ Westfälische Gesellschaft für Genealogie und Familienforschung]'''<br /> *[[:de:Westfälische Gesellschaft für Genealogie und Familienforschung|... in GenWiki]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ----<br /> Further genealogical societies in German speaking Europe:<br /> * [[:de:Kategorie:Genealogische_Institution|Genealogical institutions and societies]]<br /> <br /> Your genealogical or historical society is not yet presented in GenWiki or in the internet at all?&lt;br&gt;<br /> Contact [mailto:compgen@genealogy.net us]. As a member in the [[CompGen Society for Computergenealogy] your society gets adfree Webspace, E-Mail addresses and mailing lists, for members of the [http://www.genealogienetz.de/vereine/DAGV/index.html DAGV] these service is included in DAGV membership.<br /> <br /> |}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> |}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Portal|Societies]]<br /> [[Category:Genealogical Institution|!]]</div> Tue, 30 Mar 2010 10:17:57 GMT Baumbuwegen http://wiki-en.genealogy.net/Talk:Portal:Societies http://wiki-en.genealogy.net/Mainpage/Calendar <p>Baumbuwegen: Created page with '{|{{Tableframe}} | {{Tablehead2}} | '''Genealogical Events in German speaking Europe''' |- | [[Image:icon portal events.svg|40px|left...'</p> <hr /> <div>{|{{Tableframe}}<br /> | {{Tablehead2}} |<br /> '''[[:de:Portal:Genealogische Veranstaltungen|Genealogical Events in German speaking Europe]]'''<br /> |-<br /> | [[Image:icon portal events.svg|40px|left|link=Portal:Genealogische Veranstaltungen|alt=&quot;Portal:Genealogische Veranstaltungen (Bild und Link)&quot;]]<br /> Events around Genealogy can be presented and be found here.<br /> <br /> &lt;div<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;[[:de:Genealogischer_Kalender/{{CURRENTYEAR}}/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}/{{CURRENTDAY2}}|Todays events …]]&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;[[:de:Genealogischer_Kalender/{{CURRENTYEAR}}/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}|Events in {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}} …]]&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;[[:de:Portal:Genealogische Veranstaltungen|more …]]&lt;/div&gt;<br /> |}<br /> &lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:Template Mainpage and Portals]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</div> Tue, 30 Mar 2010 09:49:30 GMT Baumbuwegen http://wiki-en.genealogy.net/Talk:Mainpage/Calendar http://wiki-en.genealogy.net/Gedbas4all/Article <p>Jzedlitz: Created page with '= Gedbas4all -- New Data Model for Genealogy = by Jesper Zedlitz ''The results-oriented research and documentation using GEDCOM constantly causes problems for genealogist. These...'</p> <hr /> <div>= Gedbas4all -- New Data Model for Genealogy =<br /> by Jesper Zedlitz<br /> <br /> ''The results-oriented research and documentation using GEDCOM constantly causes problems for genealogist. These problems could be bypassed with a source-oriented data model. The paper first provides an example of a typical problem case and then describes a possible solution using a new data model: Gedbas4all.''<br /> <br /> <br /> == Motivation ==<br /> A good information management is essential, both for ambitious amateur family historians and genealogists with scientific requirements. Even little mistakes that happen often during the research process, often lead to confusion and wrong conclusions later. One reason for this is the results-oriented work that leads to difficulties -- even with careful documentation of the research. <br /> <br /> == An Example ==<br /> As an example, I want to show a case that happened to me during my genealogical research: While reading the church book of the Protestant Church Seitendorf, district of Sch\&quot;onau, Silesia, I found a baptismal record for &quot;Christiane Caroline Zedlitz, daughter of Christiana Beata Zedlitz, born 1843&quot; (see Figure 1a).<br /> <br /> [[Image:Gedbas4all article figure 1.svg]]<br /> <br /> Some years later, in 1853, there is a marriage entry for Christiane Beata Zedlitz with a mister Herrmann. My first guess was that bother women are one and the same person. The age of the bride matched and also the interchange of a/e at the end of first names are typical form the relevant church records (fig. 1b).<br /> Almost a year later, a stillborn daughter of the couple Herrmann/Zedlitz is noted. Based on that information I reconstructed the family relationship illustrated in figure \ref{fig:kirchenbuch_seitendorf}c.<br /> <br /> During further research, I came upon the burial register of the parish. To my great surprise, I discovered a burial entry from the year 1846 for one Beate Christiane Zedlitz (fig. 2) - my previous theory has proven to be false.<br /> <br /> [[Image:Gedbas4all Artikel Abbildung 2.jpg|195px]]<br /> <br /> Now I was faced with the complicated task of disentangling the wrong results -- I opted for a complete re-entering.<br /> <br /> ==View of Research Area==<br /> What happened? An abstract view of our research area (Figure 3) shows the difficulties we face during our research.<br /> <br /> [[Image:Gedbas4all article figure 3.svg]]<br /> <br /> A delight for any family historian is the part of the past, which is supported by sources. (A). However, there are sources that contain false information, due to random error or by intentional falsification (B). Another part of the past is not documented by written documentation (C). Here, the family researchers are in demand to draw conclusions from existing information based on their experience. For example if you do not have a birth record but a marriage certificate stating the age of the spouses you can reconstruct their date of birth. In addition to the cases in which these conclusions are correct (C1), it might also happens that you are wrong (C2).<br /> <br /> The documentation of genealogical research make the &quot;journey&quot; through these parts of our research field traceable. However, it must remain recognizable for noted results to which part of the above model they belong.<br /> <br /> The error in the above-illustrated example -- almost provoked through the familiar, results-oriented data model of GEDCOM -- has been created by mixing data from sources with my own conclusions. Mixing these two types of information makes later review and possible correction as good as impossible.<br /> <br /> == Correcting errors properly ==<br /> Errors in genealogical work are inevitable [Stoyan09]&lt;ref&gt;Herbert Stoyan, ''Der Fehler in genealogischen Systemen'', 61. Deutscher Genealogentag, Bielefeld, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;. The open handling of errors is essential for serious research. On the one hand it helps with your own work. If you re-encounter some vague or incorrect information -- perhaps years -- later, it might save you a lot (and perhaps fruitless) thoughts on how this conflicting data matches our own -- already corrected -- records. How convenient, if you have listed that you already thought through this case in the past.<br /> <br /> On the other hand a more open approach avoids to let other researchers and publications appear in a bad light. As a fictitious example I choose an online publication that lists a birth record &quot;18 June 1857&quot;. In a second publication in this entry is cited, accordance with standard scientific citation rules. Later, the author of the online publication finds out that he had made a typing error in the birth entry and silently changes year to &quot;1875&quot;. Eventually someone checks the second publication, discovers the error and wrongly accuses the second author inaccurate work -- while both second author and auditors have worked carefully. When using the method of assessing the reliability of genealogical literature proposed in the aforementioned talk the second author would get a bad rating, while the actual error has been made in the online publication. So it is almost careless and unfair to future researchers to correct errors silently and drop them.<br /> <br /> == Source-oriented data model ==<br /> The solution to these problems lies in the use of a source-oriented data model that contains information from sources and conclusions clearly separated from each other. In [GDM]&lt;ref&gt;GENTECH, ''Genealogical Data Model, Phase 1'', May 2000&lt;/ref&gt; such a model is presented. It serves as the basis for the data model presented here. The central component is the ASSERTION, which links two other elements (SUBJECT) (fig. 4}).<br /> <br /> [[Image:Gedbas4all Artikel Abbildung 4.svg]]<br /> <br /> These SUBJECTs include the occurrence of a person (PERSONA), a GROUP, a CHARACTERISTIC, an EVENT, or an object (THING). Additionally an ASSERTION contains information on which SOURCE it is based, who made the conclusion, and possibly to which project and genealogical society it belongs. Usually ASSERTIONs are positive but they can also be negative, e.g. stating that a person was not part of a group. Not all combinations between two SUBJECTs are allowed, since they do not make any sense, or there are better ways to model the facts. But first, let me given an overview of the various components:<br /> <br /> ;PERSONA: In a source-oriented data model, it is important that a new persons will be created for each source. Only in a later step -- namely the reasoning -- people from multiple sources are going to be connected. Regardless of how clearly the match might appear, always create a new PERSONA.<br /> ;GROUP: Groups are useful to model various facts. The most obvious case is a group of people, e.g. The children of a person, the residents of a house, the members of a military regiment. But things can form a group, too -- such as houses in a street.<br /> ;CHARACTERISTIC: individuals, groups, events and things can have properties. For a human, this could for example be the name or the color of hair. For a ship (a THING) it could be its name.<br /> ;EVENT: Events take place at different time instances (birth, marriage, death) or for extended periods of time (ship journey, residence, occupation)<br /> ;THING: Things can be used i a variety of cases: a house, a ship, a company. Things can be linkt to CHARACTERISTICs like PERSONAs. You can connect them with events they appear in, e.g. the work of a person in a company.<br /> ;SOURCE: In a source-oriented data model sources naturally play a major role. In this context a source refers to the abstract source itself, this is the church register, the tombstone, the list, etc., not a digital image or a transcription. The latter are REPRESENTATIONs of a source. For each source a variety of REPRESENTATIONs can exist. Sources are hierarchical in structure, i.e. a source can consist of several sub-sources. Using the example of a book this hierarchy could be: paper → page → entry. While processing secondary literature you will references to sources. To map this, there is an element SOURCE_REFERENCE, that describes information like &quot;Source 1 says, that source 2 says, that ...&quot;<br /> ;REPRESENTATION: Representations are digital versions of sources. For example this can be the text church record transcript (fig. 5).<br /> The photo of a gravestone is also a representation, while the photographed tombstone itself is the source. If you have taken several photos of the same gravestone, it is simply a source with multiple representations. Also audio-visual data may represent a representation -- think of the recording of an interview with older relatives.<br /> <br /> [[Image:Gedbas4all Artikel Abbildung 5.svg]]<br /> <br /> Now that the ingredients are introduced, let's take a look at the already mentioned allowed SUBJECT combinations (fig. 6).<br /> <br /> [[Image:Gedbas4all Artikel Abbildung 6.svg]]<br /> <br /> {|{{prettytable}}<br /> |PERSONA-GROUP <br /> | The person was a member of the 1st Holstein Dragoon Regiment.<br /> |-<br /> |PERSONA-CHARACTERISTIC <br /> | The person had blond hair.<br /> |-<br /> |PERSONA-EVENT <br /> | The person participated as the bride at the wedding.<br /> |-<br /> |THING-GROUP <br /> | The house is located on Main Street. Easier to remember: &quot;The house is part of the houses on Main Street&quot;.<br /> |-<br /> |THING-CHARACTERISTIC <br /> | The name of the vessel was &quot;Unsinkable II&quot;.<br /> |-<br /> |THING-EVENT <br /> | The ship was involved in the voyage from Bremen to New York.<br /> |-<br /> |GROUP-CHARACTERISTIC <br /> |The street name is &quot;Main Stree&quot;.<br /> |-<br /> |GROUP EVENT |<br /> The regiment took part in the Battle of Waterloo.<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Actually the combinations PERSONA-PERSONA and THING-THING seem to be useful to mark equality. However, [GDM] has already shown that it is smarter to merge all probably identical individuals into a GROUP. Then generate a new PERSONA from this GROUP using a GROUP- PERSONA conclusion.<br /> <br /> == Display of data ==<br /> If we create new entries for all persons occurring in each source -- that will make presentation confusing, won't it? The key to greater clarity is to aggregate information which do not contradict themselves. A large number of individual occurrences can be combined into a single claim which is provided with a number of references (to the individual source entries). Only when contradictions occur (e.g. two different years of birth) they will highlighted in the result separately. This way these unclear points become well visible and you can start to clarify them. As an example, some entries from Berlin address books are used (fig. 7).<br /> <br /> [[Image:Gedbas4all article figure 7.svg]]<br /> <br /> See table below how these sources can be summarized to information concerning the above-mentioned persons.<br /> <br /> {|{{prettytable}}<br /> !Information <br /> !Value <br /> !Sources <br /> |-<br /> |Name || Ernst Alexander || [a] [b] [c] [d] <br /> |-<br /> |Occupation || Hof-Tapezierer || [a] [b] [c] [d] [e]<br /> |-<br /> |Death ||between 1824 and 1825 || [d] [e]<br /> |-<br /> |Residence || Berlin, Französischestraße 67 || [a] [b] [c] [d] [e]<br /> |-<br /> |Wife || D. Friedrich || [e]<br /> |-<br /> |&amp;#160; Death || after 1825 || [e]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Merging sources ==<br /> Large part of the genealogical information for German speaking countries are stored in the databases of the Verein für Computergenealogie and regional genealogical societies. However, there is as good as no connection between the individual collections. A person appears in multiple address books, there are personal columns, entries in parish registers, account books, passenger lists, etc. If we could combine these primary sources, it would be possible to create a comprehensive picture of a person's circumstances. If you do these combinations systematically for one place you will get a heritage book with a comprehensive database behind it. The close connection to primary sources ensures a high quality of data. Of course, it is essential not to mix data from different primary sources and to clearly identify conclusions. That ensures that the results are easy to review and incorrect conclusions can be marked by replace them with new conclusions without any impact on the primary sources.<br /> <br /> A prerequisite for the linking of information is a central data storage. Different web applications can access this central memory and read their data. The targeted access is made possible by the fact that in addition to the actual genealogical information meta data is stored, describing sources, the researcher, the project and possibly the society that collected the data. That way it is possible to show information from old address books, without mixing them with data from e.g. family columns.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[de:Gedbas4all/Artikel]]</div> Fri, 08 Jan 2010 09:54:29 GMT Jzedlitz http://wiki-en.genealogy.net/Talk:Gedbas4all/Article http://wiki-en.genealogy.net/Second_Hand_Bookshops <p>Baumbuwegen: Created page with 'Not only in libraries but also in second hand bookshops and on flea markets one can find genealogically relevant literature, e.g. address books, research re...'</p> <hr /> <div>Not only in [[:Category:Library|libraries]] but also in second hand bookshops and on flea markets one can find genealogically relevant literature, e.g. address books, research results of other genealogists and much more.<br /> <br /> It doesn´t seem to be very useful creating here a list of local second hand bookshops, because of the little and arbitrary content of such list. You can find them anyway using phone and/or address books. Corresponding web sites you can find too: some second hand bookshops have created collective shop sites.<br /> ;For Example (Germany):<br /> #Zentrales Verzeichnis antiquarischer Bücher: ZVAB http://www.zvab.com<br /> #Eurobuch: http://www.eurobuch.com/<br /> #Prolibri: http://www.prolibri.de/<br /> #Booklooker: http://www.booklooker.de/<br /> #AbeBooks: http://www.abebooks.de/<br /> <br /> '''Purchase'''<br /> <br /> Some popular second hand bookshops can be searched on [[Special:Booksources|Special Page &quot;Book Sources&quot;]] using ISBN. Elder books might not have a ISBN (reprints may have), since ISBN was implemented in 1972.<br /> <br /> ;see also:<br /> :* {{Wikipedia-Link-DE|Antiquariat|Antiquariat}}<br /> <br /> <br /> [[de:Antiquariat]]<br /> [[Category: Help-Genealogy]]</div> Mon, 23 Nov 2009 14:27:58 GMT Baumbuwegen http://wiki-en.genealogy.net/Talk:Second_Hand_Bookshops http://wiki-en.genealogy.net/Z%C3%BCllichau_(Z%C3%BCllichau-Schwiebus) <p>MLCarl: Testdatei</p> <hr /> <div>&lt;!-- Züllichau_(Züllichau-Schwiebus) --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Please DO NOT REMOVE the following general information from your page --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- PLEASE: DO NOT REMOVE the HEADINGS contained in this template, --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- leave them in so, others who want to add info, know where to do so --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- PLEASE: REMOVE the ARROW signs at the headings YOU want to use, --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- so that they will show up together with your text --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- If needed you can add additional headings --&gt;<br /> '''Hierarchy''' &lt;br/&gt;<br /> [[Regional_Research|Regional Research]] &gt; [[German_States_1933-1945|Germany (1933-1945)]] &gt; [[Province_Brandenburg|Brandenburg]] &gt; [[Neumark|Neumark]] &gt; [[Kreis_Zuellichau-Schwiebus|County Züllichau-Schwiebus]] &gt; Züllichau<br /> <br /> == Introduction ==<br /> <br /> === Coat of Arms ===<br /> [[Image:Wappen_Ort_Züllichau_(Züllichau-Schwiebus).png]]<br /> <br /> === General Information ===<br /> <br /> == Political Structure ==<br /> {|<br /> |Polish Name<br /> |Sulechów<br /> |-<br /> |W-Number (codenumber of administrational district)<br /> |W51142<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Municipality, Settlements, Outworks, ... ===<br /> {| border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;<br /> |Inhabitants (1846)<br /> | 4816<br /> |-<br /> |Inhabitants (1939)<br /> | 9630<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Places belonging to the Municipality: [[Neue_Welt_(Züllichau-Schwiebus)|Neue Welt]] * [[Oberweinberge|Oberweinberge]] * [[Riegel|Riegel]] * [[Stadtvorwerk|Stadtvorwerk]] * [[Unterweinberge|Unterweinberge]]<br /> <br /> == Ecclesiastical Structure ==<br /> <br /> === Evangelical (Lutheran) Churches ===<br /> <br /> === Roman-Catholic Churches ===<br /> &lt;!--=== Other Religious Communities === --&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> &lt;!-- HERE: short historical info --&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Genealogical and historical Sources ==<br /> As far as still available church books and civil registers (older than 100 years) in general are at [[#Archives_and_Libraries|State Archiv Landsberg/W.]], if younger at civil registry office [[Landsberg_an_der_Warthe|Landsberg]]. <br /> For a complete overview consult [[Grüneberg (Inventory)]]. <br /> <br /> === Church Books ===<br /> :ev.-luth. church Züllichau: <br /> ::ch.bk.: ev. 1836-74 BrLHA Potsdam &amp; LDS, kath. 1864-1945 Kath.PfA Züllichau<br /> <br /> === Civil Registers ===<br /> :civ.reg.off. Züllichau: <br /> ::civ.reg.: 1874-96 StArch Grünberg, 1897-1944 StA Züllichau, 1874-1937 StA I Berlin, 1874-90 LDS, div. jüd. &amp; Mil.<br /> <br /> === Sundries ===<br /> <br /> ==== LDS/FHC ====<br /> <br /> ==== Real Estate Files and Registers ====<br /> <br /> ==== Address Books ====<br /> &lt;!-- === Historical Sources === --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- == Bibliography == --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- === Genealogical Bibliography === --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- === Historical Bibliography === --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- === Other Bibliography === --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- == Gazetteers and Maps == --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- === Gazetteers --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- === Maps === --&gt;<br /> <br /> == Archives and Libraries ==<br /> <br /> === Archives ===<br /> The Landsberg Archive only has a status as a department of the State Archive Stettin. The correct address therefore is: &lt;br/&gt;<br /> '''Archiwum Państwowe w Szczecinie &lt;br/&gt;<br /> Oddział Gorzowie Wielkopolskim''' &lt;br/&gt;<br /> ul. Grottgera 24/25. &lt;br/&gt;<br /> PL 66-400 Górzow Wielkopolski &lt;br/&gt;<br /> Tel. Nr.: 0048 - 95 - 722 7968 &lt;br/&gt;<br /> [mailto:gorzow(a)szczecin.ap.gov.pl E-Mail]<br /> <br /> The permit for Landsberg has to be applied for at Stettin.<br /> <br /> '''Archiwum Państwowe w Szczecinie''' &lt;br/&gt;<br /> (State Archive Stettin) &lt;br/&gt;<br /> ul. Św. Wojciecha 13. &lt;br/&gt;<br /> PL 70-410 Szczecin &lt;br/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Polish Inventory ====<br /> Here is a link to an <br /> [http://baza.archiwa.gov.pl/sezam/pradziad.eng.php?miejscowosc=Züllichau&amp;search=search inventory] in polish archives. <br /> <br /> === Libraries===<br /> '''Martin-Opitz-Bibliothek''' &lt;br/&gt;<br /> Berliner Platz 5 &lt;br/&gt;<br /> D-44623 Herne &lt;br/&gt;<br /> Tel. x49-2323-16 2805 &lt;br/&gt;<br /> Fax x49-2323-16 2609 &lt;br/&gt;<br /> [mailto:information.mob(a)herne.de E-Mail] • [http://www.herne.de/mob/ web site]<br /> <br /> '''Reference Library of FST Neumark''' &lt;br/&gt;<br /> Meckelstedter Str. 9 &lt;br/&gt;<br /> D-27624 Meckelstedt &lt;br/&gt;<br /> [mailto:neumark(a)agoff.de E-Mail] • [http://neumark.genealogy.net/agofffst.htm web page] &lt;br/&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- == Miscellaneous == --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- === Regional Publishing Companies and Bookstores === --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- === Professional Genealogist === --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- === Ethnology and Local History === --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- === Emigration === --&gt;<br /> <br /> == Web Links ==<br /> <br /> === Official Websites ===<br /> <br /> === Genealogical Websites ===<br /> The contents of the pages linked here has been index in [http://neumark.genealogy.net/index4.htm Neumark Data Base]. In case of adding links, please forward contents of linked page [mailto:neumark-l-owner(a)genealogy.net?subject=Datenbank Listowner Neumark-L] as a file in csv format. <br /> <br /> * [http://neumark.genealogy.net/m16_zuel.htm 1623: Züllichau: Musterung]<br /> * [http://neumark.genealogy.net/chr_zuel.htm 1665: Züllichau: Chronica der Stadt]<br /> * [http://neumark.genealogy.net/beysen_0.htm 1700: Züllichau: Einwohner der Stadt (Beysen)]<br /> * [http://neumark.genealogy.net/zuellich.htm 1751: Züllichau: Chronik]<br /> * [http://neumark.genealogy.net/auswanzu.htm 1821: Auswanderer Züllichau]<br /> <br /> ;[http://neumark.genealogy.net Starting Page of Neumark-List]<br /> <br /> === Miscellaneous Websites ===<br /> <br /> == Contacts ==<br /> Researching for ancestors from Züllichau are: &lt;br/&gt;• <br /> Garry Albrecht • <br /> Gerhard H. Anders • <br /> Andres Appelt • <br /> Mario Arend • <br /> Ingeborg Balcke • <br /> Andreas Bieligk • <br /> Michael Bleich • <br /> Siegfried Bleich • <br /> Brigitte Bonack • <br /> Bob Borchers • <br /> Waltraud Borsodi • <br /> Barbara Braune • <br /> Hugo Breuer † • <br /> Frank Draeger • <br /> Klaus Dufner • <br /> Kurt H. W. Eger • <br /> Werner Fechner • <br /> G. Franken • <br /> Hildegard Fritsche • <br /> Horst Gellert • <br /> Gerhard Gülde • <br /> Scott Haworth • <br /> Hans-Joachim Henschel • <br /> Prof. Dr. Peter Hermann • <br /> Liz Hicks • <br /> Georg Hollberg • <br /> Hugo Horn • <br /> Hella Hübsch • <br /> L. Janssen • <br /> Dr. Haymo Jepsen • <br /> Dr. Ernst Kaerger • <br /> Oskar Kalinke • <br /> Johannes Kiock • <br /> Wolfgang Kißmer • <br /> Ingo Klose • <br /> Susan Koster • <br /> Karl-Heinz Krüger • <br /> Dr. Ulrich Lampert • <br /> Dr. Helmut Langer • <br /> Werner Laudon • <br /> Peter Liehr • <br /> Ekkehard Lindner • <br /> Christiane Lorenz • <br /> Wolfgang Maschwitz • <br /> Arthur D. McQueen • <br /> Dr. Georg (2) Müller • <br /> Dr. Georg Müller • <br /> Hartmut Ohm • <br /> Jörg Opel • <br /> Erika Paech • <br /> Karl Pflaum • <br /> Werner Pietzsch • <br /> Eberhard Richtsteig • <br /> Rolf Riedel • <br /> Markus Röhling • <br /> Lieselotte Rüdiger • <br /> Fred Sawusch • <br /> Helga Schäfer • <br /> Joachim H.K. Schippan • <br /> Dr. Gerd C. Schmerse • <br /> Florian Schmidt • <br /> Harry Schneckenberg • <br /> Friedrich Schneider • <br /> Sigurd Seiler • <br /> Robert Shustack • <br /> Sonja Stankowski • <br /> Sandra Stepan • <br /> R. Student • <br /> Ulrike C. Tenzer-Balsereit • <br /> Heinz-Jürgen Trossin • <br /> Olaf Vieweg • <br /> Ingolf Vogel • <br /> Jutta Voit • <br /> Eberhard Weber • <br /> Conny Wirth • <br /> Uwe Zettier • <br /> Uwe Zwarg • <br /> Karin ? • <br /> <br /> contact addresses at the archives of mailing list [http://list.genealogy.net/mailman/listinfo/neumark-l/ Neumark-L] or by mail from [mailto:neumark-l-owner(a)genealogy.net?subject=ORT:%20Züllichau_(Züllichau-Schwiebus)%20(Zue) Listowner Neumark-L]. <br /> <br /> == researchers contacts acc. to FOKO ==<br /> Researchers for {{PAGENAME}} in [http://foko.genealogy.net/show_all.php?searchCI=Züllichau FOKO] (by place name) or [http://foko.genealogy.net/show_all.php?searchGOV=ZULHAUJO72TB FOKO] (by GOV-identifier).<br /> <br /> == Private Information sources and offers for research help ==<br /> On the following page private ''(none-commercial !)'' family researchers can add their contact data, if they do research in this place and/or if they are willing to offer other genealogist information, look-ups/scans/copies etc. regarding this place. All correspondence relating to this are to be made '''exclusively''' to the offering family researcher!<br /> <br /> * [[{{PAGENAME}}/Forscherkontakte]] <br /> <br /> == Accidental Discoveries ==<br /> Often in church books or other archive source material of a place persons are discovered that are not from this place. These findings are so-called ''[[Accidental Discoveries]]''. Such findings are for other genealogist sometimes the only chance to break through the [[Brick Wall | Brick Wall]] in their research. Please mail Accidental Discoveries for this location to [mailto:neumark-l-owner(a)genealogy.net?subject=Zufallsfund Listowner Neumark-L] - they will be added to the [http://neumark.genealogy.net/index4.htm Neumark Data Base]. <br /> <br /> == Data from the Genealogical Place Database (GOV) ==<br /> &lt;gov&gt;ZULHAUJO72TB&lt;/gov&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Category:Place in County Zuellichau-Schwiebus]]<br /> [[Category:Place in Neumark]]<br /> <br /> [[de:Züllichau_(Züllichau-Schwiebus)]]</div> Wed, 16 Sep 2009 19:59:12 GMT MLCarl http://wiki-en.genealogy.net/Talk:Z%C3%BCllichau_(Z%C3%BCllichau-Schwiebus) http://wiki-en.genealogy.net/Tegeler_(surname) <p>Tegeler: de</p> <hr /> <div>==Derivation and Meaning==<br /> <br /> The surname '''Tegeler''' derives from a profession. It is the Low German version of ''Ziegler'' (German for brickmaker).<br /> <br /> ==Versions of the name==<br /> <br /> * Tegelaar<br /> * Tegler<br /> * Ziegler<br /> * Ziegeler<br /> * Zigler<br /> <br /> ==Geographical distribution==<br /> <br /> * Germany<br /> &lt;geogen&gt;Tegeler&lt;/geogen&gt;<br /> * Netherlands: see [http://www.familienaam.nl/love.php?name=Tegeler here]<br /> * Belgium: see [http://www.familienaam.be/cache/T/Tegeler.png here]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> * Rose Hellfaier (ed.): Ernst von Bandel an Wilhelm Tegeler. Briefe zur Entstehungsgeschichte des Hermannsdenkmals 1850-1864. Detmold 1975. (Nachrichten aus der Lippischen Landesbibliothek Detmold, 5).<br /> * Rosa und Volker Kohlheim (ed.): Duden Familiennamen. Herkunft und Bedeutung. Mannheim 2000.<br /> * Konrad Kunze: dtv-Atlas Namenkunde. Vor- und Familiennamen im deutschen Sprachgebiet. München 1998. (dtv, 3234).<br /> * Gerhard Peters: Der Detmolder Maler Wilhelm Tegeler (1793-1864), in: Mitteilungen aus der lippischen Geschichte und Landeskunde, 21 (1952), p. 5-45.<br /> <br /> == Weblinks ==<br /> <br /> *[http://www.tegeler.info/ahnen/ahnen.htm Information site on the genalogy of the Tegeler family (German)]<br /> <br /> == Informations from FOKO ==<br /> &lt;foko-name&gt;Tegeler&lt;/foko-name&gt;<br /> <br /> == Informations from GedBas ==<br /> <br /> [http://gedbas.genealogy.net/suchen.jsp?nachname=Tegeler Tegeler in the genealogy database (GedBas)]<br /> <br /> == Informations from GeneaNet ==<br /> <br /> [http://search.geneanet.org/result.php3?lang=de&amp;name=Tegeler&amp;place=&amp;country=&amp;source=&amp;x=0&amp;y=0 Tegeler in database GeneaNet]<br /> <br /> == Informations from Ancestry/USA ==<br /> <br /> [http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?gl=allgs&amp;rank=1&amp;new=1&amp;so=3&amp;MSAV=0&amp;msT=1&amp;gss=ms_f-2&amp;gsln=Tegeler Tegeler in Ancestry.com (engl.)]<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Surname]]<br /> [[de:Tegeler_(Familienname)]]</div> Mon, 10 Aug 2009 11:52:51 GMT Tegeler http://wiki-en.genealogy.net/Talk:Tegeler_(surname) http://wiki-en.genealogy.net/Erfurt <p>BettyAnn: Created page with 'http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt'</p> <hr /> <div>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt</div> Mon, 22 Jun 2009 14:47:58 GMT BettyAnn http://wiki-en.genealogy.net/Talk:Erfurt http://wiki-en.genealogy.net/Memel <p>Kaukas: </p> <hr /> <div>[[Image: 549px-Baltic Tribes c 1200 svg.png|thumb|350px|The Eastern Balts are shown in brown hues while the Western Balts are shown in green. The boundaries are approximate.]]<br /> [[Image:Bild_Karte_Mortensen_Südkurland.jpg|thumb|350 px|Samogitia and its neighboring areas in the middle of the 13th century. Lithuania was at the time far in the east.]]<br /> [[Image: Bernsteinstraße.jpg|thumb|200px|The amber route from '''Memel''' the'''Samland''' and'''Danzig''' in 98 after Chr.]]<br /> <br /> <br /> Memel is today known as Klaipeda, Lithuania. Klaipeda, Lithuania's port city [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Hafen_in_Memel] on the Baltic Sea, is the third largest town in the country. It is located on the southernmost seashore of the Baltic Sea, at a strait connecting the Curonian<br /> lagoon with the sea.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Pre-recorded history and ancient history to 700 AD ==<br /> {|{{prettytable}}<br /> |-<br /> | From 11,000 BC. || After the last ice age, hunters, collectors. <br /> <br /> a) Hamburg's culture, a variant of the French Magdalenian culture, first in Königsberg, Memel late phase.<br /> b) Swidry culture from southern Europe.<br /> |-<br /> | From 7000 BC. || Hunters, gatherers, fishers, pine and spruce time. The climate is warmer and wetter, the glaciers are gone; documented settlement in the Memel country. Maglemosian influx of culture from the west (heirs of the Magdalenian culture).<br /> |-<br /> | From 6000 BC. || Mixing of cultures Maglemosian and Swidry. Bones in the Memel area: long skulled, prominent brows, stocky stature.<br /> |-<br /> | From 4000 BC to 2500 BC. || Middle Stone Age bone culture / Younger Stone Age stone tools, bone tools, wooden tools. Memel-u. Narva Culture: Early European, not Indo-European. Religion: Matriarchy. Curonian Spit: bone and antler hooks. Memel-Schmelz: Worked amber.<br /> |-<br /> | From 2500 BC || The end of Stone Age. Arrival of the Indo-Europeans of Central Asia. Culture techniques: Babes with drinking horn, as in Central Asia and Persia, ball-amphorae. Trade relations with Greece (amber). Religion: patriarchal. Language: similarity with Sanskrit and Latin (Baltic origin). Population: particularly on the Spit it becomes denser.<br /> <br /> Western Baltic: Old Prussians [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Pru%C3%9Fen], Curonians [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Kuren] (similar culture as Celts).<br /> <br /> Eastern Baltic: Lithuanian, Zemaites [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Zemaiten], Latvians (culture more like Finno-Ugrians, Mongols, Koreans).<br /> |-<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> {|{{prettytable}}<br /> |-<br /> | From 1500 BC. || Bronze Age, burial mounds. Death Cult: corpse in a crouched position. Central European expansion, arrival in Memel country weakened and delayed. Metal culture in exchange for amber.<br /> |-<br /> | From 1000 BC || Late Bronze Age / Early Iron Age / Culture Wave &quot;Lusatian Culture 500 BC. Cremation, ashes in pottery vessels, vessel lids with holes, so that the soul can escape. Pole buildings. The Lusatian culture was not in the Memel country because of the &quot;Great Wilderness&quot; between Pregel-River and Memel-River.<br /> |-<br /> | From 200 BC to 500 AD. || Expansion of the Germans to the Vistula. Penetration of Slavs and Goths to the Samland, vibrant cultural exchange and recovery, also in Memel country. <br /> <br /> Trade: With Rome (coins, glass, enamel finds, metal import). Skeleton graves (Vistula influence). Golden Age of the Balts.<br /> |-<br /> | From 400 AD || Expansion of the Slavs from the south and east, the Baltic tribes are pushed towards the Baltic Sea.<br /> |-<br /> | From 500 AD to 800 AD || Migration. Slavs pushing north into the eastern Baltic, Lithuanians and Latvians are pushed to the Baltic Sea. <br /> <br /> Differentiation between Memel country and Old Prussia. Memel country: invasion of Sweden and Vikings. Trade relations between the south and relocated Goths Prussians not interrupted. Migration of the Goths; split of the Prussians into different tribal areas with different cultures. The so-called decadence period does not apply to the Memel country, because here instead held a strong self-development. Relations between Old Prussia and Memel countries fade.<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==700 AD until the arrival of the Germans==<br /> {|{{prettytable}}<br /> | 1 A.D. || Historians maintain that a settlement of ancient [[Curonian]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Die_Kuren] and [[Prussian]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Pru%C3%9Fen] stood on the coast of the [[Curonian lagoon]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Kurisches_Haff] at the estuary of the Dange river [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Dange_(Fluss)].<br /> |-<br /> | From 700 AD || The Memel country [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Memelland] oriented to the north. An independent Memelland culture develops. (It is in contrast to burial of the stools in Old Prussia, until 9.-10.Jh. Scandinavian influence comes through the cremation). The Memel culture expands to the east.<br /> |-<br /> | From 850 AD to 1000 AD || Viking period. Danish invasions of the Curonians. The Curonians raid Denmark and Iceland (mentioned in the Iceland Saga). The [[Skalvians]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Die_Schalauer] form the Kingdom of Russ, hostilities with Denmark, mutual kidnapping.<br /> |-<br /> | 10th-11th Century AD. || The hostilities have ended with the Scandinavians, instead extensive trade and cultural exchange develops: Bronze Jewelry, almost baroque and bizarre, points to inventiveness. Viking warriors settled as merchants in Memel. The Skalvians maintain marriage relations with Denmark (King Knut, 854 AD Sources of Danes). Memel at cultural height.<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==German period from 1252 to 1945==<br /> [[Image: Komtursiegel 1409.jpg|thumb|300px|The Commander Cachet of the year 1409 symbolizes the three oldest churches of Memel: Church of St. John's left, Castle chapel of St. Mary's center, Country church St. Nikolai right.]]<br /> <br /> ===From 1252 to 1525--the era of the Teutonic Knights===<br /> {|{{prettytable}}<br /> |-<br /> | 1252 || Memel is founded by the Livonian Knights and belonged at that time not to Prussia, but to the Riga-administered territory of the Sword Knights. The Livonian Order of Germany built a wooden castle at the mouth of the Danges River and called it Memelburg.<br /> |-<br /> | 1254 || The cities of Dortmund and Lübeck were asked to send their civic rights.<br /> |-<br /> | 1257/58 || Memel [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Memel] receives Lübeck law. (It was not until 1475 that Memel like the other Prussian towns was given the Kulm law (kölmisches) [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Kulmerland] . Samogitian [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Zemaiten] Enemies burned the town down several times.<br /> |-<br /> | 1328 || The Commandery Memel is separated from the Livonian branch of the Order and united with the Prussian branch of the Order. 2 / 3 go to the German Order, 1 / 3 retained by the Bishop of Courland.<br /> |-<br /> | 1406 || First Zemaites immigrants enter the country Memel.<br /> |-<br /> | 1410 || A Polish-Lithuanian army defeated the Teutonic Knights.<br /> |-<br /> | 1422 || Peace of [[Melnosee]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Melnosee]: The German Order waives Samogitia, Lithuania receives the Curonian areas north of Palanga and gets first access to the Baltic Sea. This boundary between East Prussia and Lithuania remained unchanged until 1920.<br /> |-<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> {|{{prettytable}}<br /> | 1456/57 || Danziger plunder the city of Memel. The Dangemündung spill.<br /> |-<br /> | 1464 || Konigsberg [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/K%C3%B6nigsberg_in_Preu%C3%9Fen], Danzig [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Danzig] and Elbinger [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Elbing] plunder Memel city. The reason for these attacks is jealousy over the flourishing trade city.<br /> |-<br /> |- 1466 || On 19 October 1466 was signed the Second Treaty of Thorn between the Teutonic Order and the Kingdom of Poland. Slow penetration of Zemaites and Lithuanians to Memelland. First isolated and identified by name as Littau, Litwinas, Szemait, Zameit etc. The order covers Lithuanian refugees against their Polish-Lithuanian noble lords and does not provide them out. The Lithuanians were settled detectable by the Order. The influx of Lithuanians and Szemaiten holds up in the Russian-Lithuanian period.<br /> |-<br /> | 1511 || In a document dated 25 February on the &quot;tavern on the heath,&quot; the presentation of it is made to George Talat. The birth of the later city Heydekrug.<br /> |-<br /> | 1520 || Three Danziger warships set fire to the city, which burns the remaining half. They also sink a boatload of bricks in the Dangemündung, greatly impeding navigation until 1814.<br /> |-<br /> | 1525 || The order state of Prussia became a secular duchy under Albrecht von Brandenburg. The last Grand Master was the first duke. The Kompturen held main offices. The changes were mainly religious in nature. Protestantism supplanted the Catholic Church. Luther's teaching had fallen on fertile ground here. At this time the Order Castle Memel was converted into a citadel. The Cracow peace of 8 April 1525 created the possibility of colonization to a greater extent. The Lutheran doctrine (the Word of God bear witness in their native language) spiritual movement and brought it with him, that even the non-german languages, such as Lithuanian in Prussia received a written culture. So, the first Lithuanian book, 1547, the first Lithuanian translation of the Bible in 1590 and the first Lithuanian grammar were printed in 1653 in East Prussia.<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===From 1525 to 1722--the era of the Prussian Duchy (strong centralized government)===<br /> [[Image: Karte1848coloriert2.JPG|thumb|500px|'''Red''': Old Location 1 = Dom St. Marien, 2 = rural church of St. Nicholas, 3 = Church of St. John. '''Green''': New Location 4 = Church of St. John, 5 = rural Church of St. Nicholas (later St.Jakobi), 6 = Reformed Church, 7 = Catholic Church. '''Blue''': the Old Dange with Mill trench.]]<br /> <br /> {|{{prettytable}}<br /> |-<br /> | 1560 || Construction of the first church in [[Willkischken]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Willkischken]. It was destroyed by the Russians in 1758 and rebuilt in 1770. Masive replaced in 1896 by a new building with 45 m high tower.<br /> |-<br /> | 1567 || The first time Jews [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Juden_im_Memelland]/ [http://www.annaberger-annalen.de/jahrbuch/2008/14_Die_Juedische_Gemeinschaft-web.pdf] were mentioned in Memel.<br /> |-<br /> | 1568 || Duke Albrecht built a church in [[Coadjuthen]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Coadjuthen]. 1772 and renewed it in 1801, in 1946 it was destroyed. It is now used again as a church.<br /> |-<br /> | 1574 || By command of Duke Albrecht a church was also built in [[Piktupönen]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Piktup%C3%B6nen] in 1744 with a new wooden tower. (Destroyed)<br /> |-<br /> | 1580 || Koenigsberg seeks an injunction against the port of Memel, and against the building of ships.<br /> |-<br /> | 1583 || Memel can win back freedom of navigation and shipping. In [[Russ]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Ru%C3%9F] the church is rebuilt.<br /> |-<br /> | 1593 || Commercial shipbuilding started.<br /> |-<br /> | 1627 || From 1629 to 1635, during the &quot;Thirty Years War&quot;, Memel city and castle are attached more, but this could not prevent that the Swedes occupied the city and burnt surrounding areas.<br /> |-<br /> | 1629-36 || Occupation of the Memel Main Office by the Swedes.<br /> |-<br /> | 1638 || From this time prescriptions of land were increased. [[Charlottenhof]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Charlottenhof_(Kr.Memel)] and [[Tauerlauken]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Gro%C3%9F_Tauerlauken] had noble rights. Now, more noble estates were created.<br /> |-<br /> | 1678 || The Swedes take Memel again, the city burns down again. Castle and Citadel survive. The Swedish Army moves ahead to Memel. Incinerated villages mark the path of the Swedes.<br /> |-<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> {|{{prettytable}}<br /> <br /> | 1679 || Invasion of Sweden: the Grand Duke comes across the ice of the Curonian Lagoon in person. He establishes Couriers twice a week between Memel and Kleve. The route runs along the spit and Konigsberg to Berlin to Kleve on the Rhine. The reformed Prince brings in the Dutch, Scots, Englishmen and Huguenots in Memel as merchants. The Frisians previously recruited for the Vistula and the Konigsberg area are recruited for the low and the Memel country, in order to drain swamps and to create agricultural jobs. All immigrants are allowed to have their own churches, &quot;suum cuique&quot;: &quot;To each his own&quot; or &quot;justice for everyone&quot;. Prussia becomes the first modern law of the continent.<br /> |-<br /> | 1681/83 || Construction of the &quot;Reformed Church&quot; [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Memel/Reformierte_Kirche] in Memel goes, in 1854 on the &quot;Great Fire&quot; is also in flames. New development took place in 1859.<br /> |-<br /> | 1688/97 || Construction of the last church in [[Prökuls]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Pr%C3%B6kuls],<br /> |-<br /> | 1695 || [[Plaschken]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Plaschken] received its first church, destroyed in 1757 by Russians, rebuilt, replaced in 1900 by a Romanesque building. (Still available).<br /> |-<br /> | 1704 || Construction of a church in [[Kinten]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Kinten_(Kr.Heydekrug)], after the Church of [[Windenburg]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Windenburg] collapsed in 1702. <br /> |-<br /> | 1708 || Beginning of the great plague in Memel country rages among the starving population through terrible crop failures. 1710 died e.g. Around 600 people a week.<br /> |-<br /> | 1709/ 11 || In the Great Plague 2,000 people, about 40 percent of the population of northern East Prussia, died in Memelland. Russian troops are in Poland and Lithuania, and determine the political course that is felt in Memel. Kurland and Lithuania are part of Russia (1795-1915).<br /> |-<br /> | 1717 || Friedrich Wilhelm I (Soldierking) introduces compulsory education for boys and girls.<br /> |-<br /> | 1722 || The main offices were divided into smaller domain offices. The Office of the Chief Memel now crumbled in the domain Offices [[Althof]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Althof_Memel], [[Klemmenhof]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Klemmenhof], Prökuls, [[Heydekrug]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Heydekrug] and the former Chamber Russ. Memel is constructed with the department [[Gumbinnen]]. The first mayor is mentioned. Friedrich Wilhelm I forces the building of the fortress in Memel.<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===From 1722 to 1818--the era of provincial governments (smaller regional governments)===<br /> {|{{prettytable}}<br /> |-<br /> | 1732 || The tolerant Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm I called settlers into the country. So he offered inter alia in 1732 17,000 Salzburgers [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Salzburger_im_Memelland] that of faith have been displaced due to a new home. Only few come to Memelland. Moreover, at the same time migrated in 1,000 Protestants from Switzerland, Huguenots from France, over 13,000 people from central and southern Germany, about 3,000 Mennonites from Kulm and 5,000 Dutchmen, Poles, Scots, and English in East Prussia, and settled in part in Memel down.<br /> |-<br /> | 1734/37 || Construction of a massive church in [[Wischwill]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Wischwill] instead of the old church from the 16th century (Church is no longer available)<br /> |-<br /> | 1750 || Compulsory education has become the suit growers.<br /> |-<br /> | 1756-63 || Memel occupied by Tsarist Russia. The Russians cut down the Nehrungsforest [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Kurische_Nehrung], villages are devastated and need to be resettled. 10,000 Russians lay siege to the fortress of Memel, 110 houses will be shot to pieces. Despite assurance of safe conduct Prussian soldiers are deported to Russia.<br /> |-<br /> | 1758-1762 || Empress Elisabeth v. Russia annexed as part of the Seven Years War (1756-1763) East Prussia and Memel thus the country. The Russians brought with typhus, dying from the main office in Memel 8,000 people.<br /> |-<br /> | 1776 || St. John's Lodge &quot;Memphis&quot; was founded by Memel merchants. (to 1919 in the Alexander Street [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Alexanderstra%C3%9Fe_in_Memel] behind the post)<br /> |-<br /> | 1770 || Frederick the Great waived the fortress in Memel, it is ground..<br /> |-<br /> | 1784 || On the border of Vitte [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Bommelsvitte] has started building a wooden church for the Catholic population for the consecration to the Holy Trinity.<br /> |-<br /> | 1802 || The King and Queen of Prussia Friedrich Wilhelm III. and Queen Louise keep from June 8 to June 16 at Memel in and meet with Emperor Alexander of Russia. The Couple lives in the town house of Friedrich Ludwig Luis Consentius in the street. The princes lived in the house of Argelander (present location of the Post) [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Pers%C3%B6nlichkeiten_des_Memellandes#Argelander.2C_Friedrich_Wilhelm_August]. Memel is the only city of Prussia that was not conquered by Napoleon.<br /> |-<br /> | 1807-08 || Memel is in the fight against Napeleon short royal seat of the Prussian king and queen had fled there (King Friedrich Wilhelm III. And Queen Louise). Queen Louise is interested in the culture of the Prussian and Lithuanian women since there are especially large one in the district of Memel worship of Queen Luise. The city of Memel has at that time 5,080 inhabitants. The housing problem for the court and the military are significant, even though the city benefits from it. Smuggling flourishes because of Napoleon's Continental System. Nevertheless, there are many poor people and beggars. The situation will be under the presence of Napoleonic troops for the royal couple so menacing that emigration is considered to Russia.<br /> |-<br /> | 1808 || The residence of the royal family is again moved to Koenigsberg.<br /> |-<br /> | 1812 || Memel in June occupied by Prussian troops as Napoleon's auxiliary troops. Napoleon concentrated in space, led General York more troops against Russia. On Aug 31, 1200 French soldiers entered the city. On 26 December, the Memel allied with the Russians. <br /> |-<br /> | 1815 || Memel is experiencing an economic boom.<br /> |-<br /> | January 1, 1817 || Friedrich Wilhelm Horch published his paper &quot;Memelschen Wochenblatt&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===From 1818 to 1918--restoration and the Imperial Era===<br /> {|{{prettytable}}<br /> |-<br /> | 1818 -78 || Memel belongs to the city district [[Königsberg in Preußen]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/K%C3%B6nigsberg_in_Preu%C3%9Fen].<br /> |-<br /> | 1820 || Memel is experiencing another economic boom.<br /> |-<br /> | 1831 || Cholera in Heydekrug.<br /> |-<br /> | 1834 || Construction of Nordermole. Establishment of the Agricultural Association (acquisition and testing of machines, animal shows, horse racing, socializing).<br /> |-<br /> | 1841 || 1st Steamboat on the Memel. Baptists in Memel seized foot and built a church at New Park [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Neuer_Park_in_Memel] next to the Queen-Luise- High School [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Schulen_in_Memel#Luisen-Gymnasium]. <br /> |-<br /> | 1842 || 1st Cheese Factory (Swiss settlers brought with the knowledge). Road-Memel [[Tilsit]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Tilsit] (coming for many years progressing gradually)<br /> |-<br /> | 1844 || First pharmacy in Prökuls.<br /> |-<br /> | 1845 || As the town hall for the city of Memel Consentiussche property was purchased in the Market street [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Marktstra%C3%9Fe_in_Memel]. Construction of the courthouse in Heydekrug<br /> |-<br /> | 1847 || First rural postman, 2x a week.<br /> |-<br /> | 1848 || Impact of the revolution in Schmelz [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Schmelz_(Kr.Memel)] and Prökuls.<br /> |-<br /> | 1848 - 1880 || Yet again the introduction of leprosy [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Lepraheim_in_Memel]. To Memel around 36 diseases.<br /> |-<br /> | 1849 || The first edition of the [[Memeler Dampfboot]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Memeler_Dampfboot] (a popular Memel Newspaper) is printed.<br /> |-<br /> | 1852 || First district medical officer after a long search.<br /> |-<br /> | 1853 || On October 1 the last section of the road Memel Tilsit was completed.<br /> |-<br /> | October 4 &amp; 5, 1854 || Fire breaks into a store, in the middle of the timber yards. A particularly heavy fire in the history of the many fires raging in Memel; new development of large parts of the Old Town. The fire on the wooden seats at the Dange-River making 3,000 people homeless. Then the reconstructed Old Town continues to characterize the townscape.<br /> |-<br /> | 1855 || Telegraph connection Tilsit-Memel. Expansion of the Winter Harbor in Memel [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Winterhafen_in_Memel].<br /> |-<br /> | 1856 || Amber finds in Prökuls.<br /> |-<br /> | 1856/58 || In the St John's Church [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Memel/Johanniskirche] in the Memel Marktstraße using the old walls as nave vaulted hall church is rebuilt. At the same time in 1686 moved into the Friedrich-Wilhelm-Straße old country church St. Nikolai is built (later Jakobus) [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Memel/Jakobuskirche]. (Both churches have been destroyed.)<br /> |-<br /> | 1857 || Synagogue and bathhouse in Russ. The parish [[Saugen]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Saugen] receives a church. (Not available) The theater, which was destroyed in a fire in 1854, is built in Memel a new building.<br /> |-<br /> | 1860 || Amber excavators in [[Schwarzort]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Schwarzort] on an industrial basis. The first 4 Country mailboxes. From 1860, systematic breeding is operated (Trakehner-horses). Building of the market hall from wood by the merchant Wiener. But burned again in 1892 and was rebuilt in 1899/1900 massive. Construction of a new court building in the Holzstraße.<br /> |-<br /> | 1860/61 || Construction of gas works in Memel.<br /> |-<br /> | 1862 || 1st Remonte market in Prökuls (horses for the military). Heydekrug receives a telegraph office. The Protestant Church in [[Dawillen]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Dawillen] is inaugurated. On 10 August 1862 is the foundation stone for the construction of the Catholic Church in Memel [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Memel#Katholische_Kirche].<br /> |-<br /> | 1863 || On Aug. 2nd the Anglican (English) Church in Memel Holzstr. corner Rosenstr. is dedicated [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Memel/Englische_Kirche]. (Destroyed) The building of the [[King Wilhelm Canal]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/K%C3%B6nig-Wilhelm-Kanal] is started (First planned already in 1765). The lighthouse in Windenburg, which still exists, replaces a beacon. Memel: The solemn consecration of the new Catholic church that was built to replace the old wooden church takes place on September 3, 1863.<br /> |-<br /> | 1866 || The Church in [[Wieszen]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Wieszen] is dedicated. Memel: New fortifications arise: the Plantagenfort (now sports station) [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Seebad_F%C3%B6rsterei], the Citadel [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/S%C3%BCderhuk_in_Memel] (later Aschhof) [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Aschhof_in_Memel] and the peak on the Wilhelmsfort in Southshore Spit (now Maritime Museum)<br /> |-<br /> | 1867/68 || were lean years, due to wet and cold weather and poor harvests. The newly established &quot;Patriotic Women's Association&quot; sets up soup kitchens.<br /> |-<br /> | 1869 || 1st Steam threshing machine.<br /> |-<br /> | 1871 || The establishment of the German Empire. Democratic elections and the right to vote: free, equal and by secret ballot (but only for men). Memel was most northerly city of the German Empire. [[Nimmersatt]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Nimmersatt] the most northerly village of the Empire. <br /> |-<br /> | after 1871 || The minority-politcs of Chancellor Bismarck caused tensions between Memellanders and Lithuanians. In Tilsit &quot;Lithuania Minor&quot; cultural associations and newspapers are established. From the Prussian-Lithuanian population only the cultural but not the political offers are accepted. Due to the great cultural and political difference and because of the different religions a connection to Lithuania is rejected by the majority! A few activists set up &quot;Lithuania Minor&quot; [http://www.annaberger-annalen.de/jahrbuch/2006/Annaberg%20Nr.14%20Kap3.pdf] /[http://www.annaberger-annalen.de/jahrbuch/2007/15_06_jenkis.pdf]. The majority of the Baltic population set up a speedy Self-Germanization. The term &quot;Lithuania Minor&quot; is not correct because a &quot;Great Lithuania&quot; since Mindaugas (1203-1263) never existed. Lithuania was &quot;Russian-Lithuanian&quot; and under the Russian yoke, while &quot;Prussian Lithuania&quot; belonged to Prussia and the Prussian-Lithuanian population were loyal Prussian subjects, who enjoyed all the rights!<br /> |-<br /> | 1873 || The King Wilhelm Canal was opened in order to spare the rafters the difficult circumnavigation of the [[Windenburger Ecke]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Windenburger_Ecke].<br /> |-<br /> | 1874 || Construction of the Imperial Post.<br /> |-<br /> | 1875 || Nida lighthouse, Tilsit Memel-River bridge, Memel connection to the railway network over Heydekrug, [[Pogegen]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Pogegen], Tilsit.<br /> |-<br /> | 1878 || Church built in Schmalleningken. (Destroyed)<br /> |-<br /> | 1879 || &quot;Littauische litteräre Gesellschaft&quot; (lithuanian literature society) established in Tilsit, which became later the Council of Lithuania Minor.<br /> |-<br /> | 1881 || Educational institutions in [[Bachmann]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Bachmann_(Kr.Memel)] and [[Gropischken]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Gropischken] for orphaned children. In Memel the construction of Queen-Louise High School, Victoria Hotel, City Hall.<br /> |-<br /> | 1882 || Station in Memel.<br /> |-<br /> | 1884 || [[Trakseden]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Trakseden] peat factory (still in operation). Memel district hospital is built.<br /> |-<br /> | 1884/85 || Construction of the church in [[Schwarzort]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Schwarzort], after the old wooden church was burned down.<br /> |-<br /> | 1886 || [[Rucken]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Rucken] replaced a church.<br /> |-<br /> | 1887 || Further expansion of road network. [[Laugszargen]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Laugszargen] Church is built.<br /> |-<br /> | 1888 || Dedication of the Church in [[Nidden]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Nidden] (Nida). Completion of the hospital on Steinstraße at Memel.<br /> |-<br /> | 1892 || The railway from Memel to [[Bajohren]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Bajohren] is completed.<br /> |-<br /> | 1893 || Memel receives a new Post Office in Gothic style in the Alexanderstraße. Telephone line between Memel and Berlin established. Memel receives a Navigation school in [[Bommelsvitte]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Bommelsvitte].<br /> |-<br /> | 1894 || Fishing port on Walgum- Bommelsvitte.<br /> |-<br /> | 1895 || Epidemic of an Egyptian eye disease. 470 children fell ill in the district of Memel.<br /> |-<br /> | 1897 || At the request of Prof.Dr.Robert Koch the construction of a leprosy home was decided. (City park) Raiffeisen-loans established, offers discounted fertilizer, seeds, fishing nets.<br /> |-<br /> | 1899 || [[Paleiten]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Paleiten] receives a &quot;Jubilee church&quot;. Inauguration of the leprosy home in the urban plantation. 15 patients were included at the inauguration in July 1899. 1944 more than 10 patients were present. They were moved to Konigsberg in October 1944 due to the war. The leprosy home was destroyed.<br /> |-<br /> | after 1900 || The emphasis is on the development of light railways.<br /> |-<br /> | 1900 - 1902 || Construction of the lighthouse in [[Perwelk]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Perwelk]. Südermole built on the northern tip of the Spit. Construction of the municipal hospital in Memel Parkstraße funded by the merchant Wiener (Named the &quot;Wiener's Promenade&quot;).<br /> |-<br /> | 1903 || [[Pasziesen]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Paszieszen] is parish seat, and also receives one of the Jubileumskirchen (Jubilee church). 1st Motor trawler on the Lagoon. In [[Mestellen]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Mestellen] a Baptist Chapel is built. Community members 130 people.<br /> |-<br /> | 1904 || Breakwater and pier built in Nidden . [[Nattkischken]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Nattkischken] also receives one of the twelve East Prussian Jubileumskirchen. (Destroyed) On Aug 18, the electric tram operation begins in Memel, .<br /> |-<br /> | after 1904 || Planning of Meliorationworks (drainage), establishment of cooperatives drainage, construction of dikes and drainage areas.<br /> |-<br /> | 1906 || Commissioning of the small rail lines from Memel to [[Laugallen]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Laugallen] and [[Plicken]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Plicken].<br /> |-<br /> | 1907 || The Queen Louise Bridge over the Memel before Tilsit is completed after three years of construction. On 23.Sept. Kaiser Wilhelm II came to inaugurate the Borussia monument in Memel.<br /> |-<br /> | 1908 || In Memel the old wooden Charles Bridge will be replaced by a modern, electrically powered bascule bridge.<br /> |-<br /> | 1909 || The Church of [[Kairinn]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Kairinn] is dedicated. (Destroyed) At the same time a church in [[Wannagen]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Wannaggen] is built.<br /> |-<br /> | 1911 || The church is consecrated in [[Karkelbeck]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Karkelbeck]. (Destroyed) Agriculture: Breeding Regulations, milk control associations, Prökulser sheep are synonymous with quality.<br /> |-<br /> | 1908 -1911 || Construction of the Royal Teacher Training College [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Schulen_in_Memel#Staatliches_Lehrer-Seminar_zu_Memel.2F_Oberschule_f.C3.BCr_Jungen_.28Aufbauform.29] and the Auguste-Viktoria-Lyceum [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Schulen_in_Memel#Auguste-Viktoria-Lyzeum_Memel], the most modern schools of the Empire (now Conservatory), and the barracks (now University) in Memel.<br /> |-<br /> | 1912/13 || Construction of small rail line Heydekrug - [[Kolleschen]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Kolleschen]. Drainage of the [[Iszlusze-Moore]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Iszlusze], creation of settlements.<br /> |-<br /> | 1914 || The District officer receives an automobile.<br /> |-<br /> | 1914/18 || World War 1. March 1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: Lithuania received from Germany and Russia the right to self-determination and was recognized as an independent state.<br /> |-<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===From 1918 to 1923--from the end of WWI===<br /> [[Image:Bild_Memelland_Kreise_und_Kirchspiele.jpg|thumb|600 px|Karte des Memellandes, seiner Kreise und Kirchspiele während der Abtrennungszeit 1920-1939]]<br /> {|{{prettytable}}<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | 1918 || &quot;Kleinlitauische&quot; activists set up the National Council of the Kleinlitauer (Lithuania Minor) and call for the annexation of the Memelland to Lithuania.<br /> |-<br /> | June 28, 1919 || Lithuania claims the Memel country as &quot;old Lithuanian&quot; territory. Poland is also wants to lay claim to the Memel country.<br /> |-<br /> | 1920 || On January 9 the Versaillervertrag came into force. After the defeat of Germany in World War I, the town and the whole region of Memel was placed under the protectorate of the Entente states. The Memelland was separated from Germany and placed under the Allied and Associated Powers. A small French garrison under General Odry comes to Memel. As long as there is a possibility of a Polish-Lithuanian confederation, Poland supports the efforts of Lithuania to claim the Memel territory. Poland was able to play an active role in the Baltic States, because economic and political activities were restricted in Germany and Lithuania. Lithuania was not legally recognized due to the non-resolved Vilna conflict . As a result of separation, the new county Pogegen formed.<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> {|{{prettytable}}<br /> |-<br /> | February 13, 1920 || Memel was administrated by the French occupation forces until 1923.<br /> |-<br /> | 1921 || The &quot;Community for the State of Memel&quot;, which was founded at the initiative of the German-Lithuanian federal homeland&quot; organized a survey: Of 71,856 registered voters, 54,429 were in favor of a Free State (that is, against an annexation to Lithuania).<br /> |-<br /> | 1922 || Lithuania begins planning a military occupation of Memelland. Klaipeda city is 93% German, in the Memel area, however, make the Prussian-Lithuanians account for 63% of the population. Nevertheless, they do not want to connect to the backward and Catholic Russian Lithuanians. Prime Minister Galvanauskas encourages the German ambassador to occupy the Memel country. Germany signaled approval (to strengthen the Lithuanian resistance against Poland). <br /> <br /> Galvanauskas begins to plan &quot;Operation Memel and enlists the Lithuanian Shooting. Simonaitis had just returned from the Conference of Ambassadors in Paris and tells of the decision to build a sanctuary. He stated that the Lithuanians were Memellanders practical materialists, slowly falling behind and never initiate an uprising would. The Lithuanians begin in the Memel region to establish local infantry units. A role played by the &quot;kleinlitauische&quot; Union &quot;Santara. There were secret Lithuanian locals, with the aim of the national consciousness of the &quot;Kleinlitauer strengthening&quot; to liberate them and to unite with the big brother of course. Creation of a Memel Rifle led Kumietis from Kaunas. <br /> <br /> The Lithuanians received from Germany 1,500 German rifles and light machine guns and 5 ammo on easy terms. Galvanauskas pays a secret background. When deployment of the Lithuanian fighters mingled not one German police.<br /> At the rally attended by locals hardly. Budrys, a farmer from Pogegen rejected the leadership of the uprising. Povilaitis later took on its behalf in order to spend as Memel. <br /> <br /> The economic situation in Lithuania was favorable. Because of inflation, people are happy in Lithuania that the devaluation would be the followers of the German mark to Lithuania to bring more crowds than the best agitation. In Memel country increased the price of bread, the product range was limited, so that the Memellanders welcomed the introduction of the litas. After the announcement of the Free State status decided Galvanauskas the preparations for the invasion. The &quot;Committee to Save Lithuania Minor&quot; distributed leaflets in the German language &quot;against a transformation of the Memel territory in a Polish colony,&quot; one should &quot;the lesser evil&quot; Lithuania choose.<br /> <br /> The main task of the Lithuanian infantry units was to disguise the participation of the Lithuanian army in the uprising. Number of Lithuanian soldiers: 2.000 - 3,000 men (many wrong numbers in circulation) the number of French defenders: 200 soldiers with machine guns, 20 to 25 Lithuanian companies will be taken by train to the border of Memel. On the train only takes one to civilian clothes, which is however consistent. For some soldiers, the clothes do not last, so that they can get off. Galvanauskas command: Courteous, no looting, drinking and no political speeches. Lithuanian documents and give all the things that references to the Lithuanian identity (which might matches, tobacco can) in Lithuania.<br /> <br /> Leaflets in German are full of barbarism and Lithuanian phrases, so to conclude, is that they were written by Lithuanians. Lithuanians come to the Memel country, first to Heydekrug, because there the population has a larger proportion than in Prussia and Lithuania's Klaipeda. Population still behaves passively. Command from Kaunas to occupy Memel (from the south) invasion of Memel. Only the barracks to remain in French hands.<br /> |-<br /> | 1923 || Number of dead is exaggerated by Lithuanians. Indeed, 10 Lithuanians, but also 2 French and 1 German policeman. Regular troops to be repatriated to Lithuania. The Lithuanian government &quot;regretted&quot; that they do not have the Memel insurgents can help. Polovinskas is an army of Memel Lithuanian shooters and volunteers. The Memel more countries join in for pragmatic reasons, because they will pay a 2 LTL / day given what is stated negatively in Kaunas. Lithuanian Regular exchanged every 3 weeks, as it mostly Zemaites provided by the Lithuanian commander disparagingly referred to as &quot;smugglers&quot;. <br /> <br /> To cover up the true circumstances of international, distributed by the Lithuanian news agency that neither regular nor irregular troops have crossed the border to Memel. For Lithuania, Memel was the occupation of the country a brave step that was a state-building factor. Nevertheless, the Versailles Treaty were broken. The Conference of Ambassadors recognized the annexation as a fact. The French troops (of all things high mountain troops!) left the Memel area.<br /> <br /> For Germany, was a Lithuanian sovereignty rather than a French one.<br /> The Memel countries may opt for Germany or Lithuania. Most opt for Germany and go to East Prussia. (Less than 600 of 150,000 option for Lithuania). From 1923 to 1937 traveled 13,000 Memel into the German Reich. At the same time, 21,000 Lithuanians emigrated in the Memel area. The rest of the population of the country received Memel Lithuanian passports with the entry &quot;citizen of the Memel territory&quot; as a nationality designation.<br /> |-<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Annexation by Lithuania 1923-1939===<br /> {|{{prettytable}}<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | 1924 || In spite of industrialization and economic expansion port expansion not visible, but always tension and conflict with Kaunas. Ethnic struggle. In the elections (in 13 years 6) for the Memel parliament, the Lithuanian party won only between 2 - 5 of 29 seats.<br /> |-<br /> | 1926 || From Dec 17, 1926 to November 1938 over the Memel area remained the state of war imposed. Inauguration of the Protestant Church of Heydekrug.<br /> |-<br /> | 1929 || Instead of the modest little church, built in 1900 replaced [[Ramutten]] [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Ramutten] a new church.<br /> |-<br /> | 1930 || Inauguration of the Herder Gymnasium in Heydekrug [http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Heydekrug#Herderschule].<br /> |-<br /> | 1933 || Memel two parties are re-established: the CSA (Christian Social Association) and the SOVOG (People's Socialist Community). The elections to fill the Memelland parties together into a single list. 1938 results from this single party the Memelland Culture Association. Pogegen receives a makeshift church. In 1938 it was expanded and provided with a tower.<br /> |-<br /> | 1934 || Prohibition of the Germany-oriented political parties in Memel by the Lithuanians. 26 leading members were arrested. They were in December 1935 by the Lithuanian court-martial for alleged uprising in Kaunas sentenced to severe penalties (4x even to death, but not enforced).<br /> |-<br /> | 1938 || On November 1, lifting of martial law, pointed out on Dec 11, first free elections. Turnout 97%, 87.2% German Unity List (25 seats); lists Lithuanian 12.8% (4 seats) Lithuania signaled its willingness to negotiate with Germany.<br /> <br /> The increased pressure in Poland to Lithuania, Lithuania took place in Europe only to the German government aid commitment on the condition cede the Memelland into the German Reich. On March 22 the contracts were signed. German troops are marching. Hitler speaks in Memel and is feted. The Memellanders see only their liberation but fail to recognize the totalitarian structures.<br /> |-<br /> | March 23, 1939 || Klaipeda, the only sea-port of Lithuania, came back to Germany.<br /> |-<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Back to Germany 1939-1945===<br /> {|{{prettytable}}<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | 1940 || Hitler leaves 40,000 German from Lithuania to the Lithuanian Soviet Republic relocate to Germany (or Poland in occupied territories). Thousands Memellanders with Lithuanian identity and German-speaking left to be deported to the east. Soviets occupy Lithuania.<br /> |-<br /> | 1941 || On September 27 Heydekrug finally receives a city. The Memel country, as East Prussia, staging ground against the Soviet Union. Lithuania overrun by Nazi Germany. The first Soviet air raid on Memel. The republic was briefly re-established in the interval between the two calamities, which saw tens of thousands deported to Siberia and the near disappearance of the Jewich community in Hitler's &quot;final solution&quot;.<br /> |-<br /> | 1944 || Memel city and the Memel country will be cleared of German civilians. While the city is almost empty, the rural population in large part by horse and wagon not escape in time before the Russians over the rivers. The Soviets get cut at the Palanga Baltic Sea and from the Courland Army.<br /> |-<br /> | January 28, 1945 || The last German troops left the bridgehead Memel on Jan 28, the city, contributing to the Spit translated. The Red Army occupied Memel. The city soviet commander can sign up for four weeks only 28 in the German city. Lithuanians refer the former German farms and homes of Memel. Returning refugees find their property occupied and wandered aimlessly around the top.<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Lithuanian Era 1945 to the present==<br /> ===The Soviet Period 1945 - 1989===<br /> {|{{prettytable}}<br /> |-<br /> | after 1945 || In the first years after the war, many people (old Memellander as well as new immigrated Lithuanians) are deported to Siberia.<br /> |-<br /> | 1948 || On 07 April was annexed the city and the entire Memel in the Lithuanian Soviet Republic.<br /> |-<br /> | 1950-1960 || In the 50's and 60's departure of nearly ten thousand in the home countries remaining Memellanders to Germany.<br /> |-<br /> | 1987 || When was the Memel area for each travel zone so far, now saw the first tentative journeys to be made after the &quot;Iron Curtain&quot; began to lift.<br /> |-<br /> | 1989 || In November, the newly-made bronze statue of &quot;Annchen of Tharau&quot; are taken to Memel. Donations of Memel (Annchen of Tharau of Association) had enabled.<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===From the independence of Lithuania in 1989 to the present===<br /> {|{{prettytable}}<br /> |-<br /> | March 11, 1990 || Republic was again proclaimed.<br /> |-<br /> | 1991 || The final turning point for Lithuania, which, like all the Baltic States will receive its independence. Memellanders humans and many other organizations support the residents of Memelland (now Klaipedos krastas) with relief supplies of various kinds. It is estimated that live in the territory of Memel country even from 6,000 to 8,000 of German people.<br /> |-<br /> | 1992 || The Lithuanian minority law not only allowed the creation of the &quot;Association of the German&quot; in Klaipeda / Memel and the German &quot;Verein Heide&quot; in Silute / Heydekrug. 1 September 1992, the German &quot;Hermann Sudermann boarding school&quot; Klaipeda / Memel created as a state school. Here are just a German-born children are included. From the beginning with 92 students, it is up to 2004 became a school, leading to the high school and is attended by nearly 500 students.<br /> |-<br /> | Feb. 14, 1993 || Lithuanians turned out to vote for Algirdas Brazauskas, making him the first directly elected president of Lithuania.<br /> |-<br /> | 1999 || The newspaper of Memel, the &quot;Memeler Dampfboot&quot; (Memel steam boat), is celebrating its 150th anniversary in the former steamboat house in the city of Klaipeda / Memel.<br /> |-<br /> | 2002 || The old Memellanders and the new Lithuanian residents celebrate the 750 year anniversary of the city.<br /> |-<br /> | 2004 || Accession to the European Union.<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Weblinks==<br /> * http://wiki-de.genealogy.net/Portal:Memelland (Places, Inhabitants, Maps, Pictures, History, Geopgraphy, Culture etc etc)<br /> * http://www.ortsfamilienbuecher.de/memelland/index.php?lang=en (about 200,000 inhabitants of Memelland)[[de:Memel]]<br /> <br /> ==Data from the genealogical index of places==<br /> &lt;gov&gt;object_298734&lt;/gov&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Category: Historical Territory]]<br /> [[Category: Germany]]<br /> [[Category: Lithuania]]<br /> [[de:Memel]]</div> Thu, 11 Jun 2009 07:37:58 GMT Jzedlitz http://wiki-en.genealogy.net/Talk:Memel http://wiki-en.genealogy.net/Dutch_Indies <p>Jzedlitz: migrated from old regional page</p> <hr /> <div>== General Information ==<br /> The Dutch Indies or Dutch East-Indies existed until December 27th, 1949 in its greatest dimension within the boundaries of present day Indonesia. <br /> <br /> ===Geography===<br /> The colony consisted of a group of islands which extended 5,120 Km in a east-west direction and 1,760 Km in a north-south direction. It is situated between 6° 08' northern and 11° 15' southern latitude as well as 94° 15' and 141° 05' eastern longitude. It is an archipelago which consisted of more than 13,677 islands of which 6.044 were inhabited. It subdivides into five larger islands: <br /> *'''Java''' is in the center of the archipelago with the capital, Jakarta, called Batavia under the Dutch colonial administration,<br /> *'''Sumatra''' is in the northwest,<br /> *'''Kalimantan''', was called '''Borneo''' during colonial times was located in the north where the northern part touches Malaysia and Brunei,<br /> *'''Sulawesi''' or '''Celebes''' lies in the north-eastern area and<br /> *'''Irian Jaya''' or '''New Guinea''' was also in the northeast where the eastern part of the island touches Papua New Guinea. <br /> <br /> the two groups of islands: <br /> *Nusa Tenggara, also named small Suda island and the<br /> *Maluku islands<br /> <br /> as well as sixty further groups of islands. <br /> <br /> The climate is tropical, hot and moist. On Sumatra, West-Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, the Maluku islands and Irian Jaya the climate is always moist and tropical. The annual amount of precipitation is 3,000 to 4,000 mm, in the mountains partially over 6,000 mm, on Middle- and East-Java, the small Suda islands as well as in the area up to the Aru islands there is tropical-monsunal climate. The amounts of precipitation there is 2.000 to 3.000 mm. <br /> <br /> The landscape mainly consists of a flat coast line; the mountains are in the interior of the larger islands. <br /> The country has rich mineral resources: Minerals, oil and gas on Sumatra, Kalimantan, and Irian Jaya, nickel on Sulawesi, tin on Bangka and Belitung, tropic precious woods in the tropical rainforests, bauxite on Bitan and Kalimantan, copper on Irian Jaya and Timor, mineral coal on Sumatra, gold and silver. <br /> <br /> On the fertile field grounds, rice is growing predominantly and there are plantations for caoutchouc, tea, coffee, products of oil palms and cinchona. There were many sugar cane plantations during the colonial time.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> There were several Islamic Sultanates at the end of the 15th century on the area of present Indonesia. With the discovery of the sea way to India in 1498 the Europeans rushed into the southeast Asian region in order to overtake the spice market operated by Orientals. The Dutch first came to Indonesia in 1596 when the spice market already was controlled by the Portuguese. <br /> <br /> In 1602 the Netherlands parliament created a charter company for the commercial exploitation as a monopoly of the areas east of the Cape of Good Hope. This became the Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (VOC) or the Dutch East India Company. The charter, which had granted the VOC the rights of a sovereign, had the company undertake its first commercial expedition in the same year of its founding. This was to the &quot;spice islands&quot; or the Maluku islands. The core business of the VOC was the export of peppers and spices.<br /> <br /> 1619 eroberte der niederländische Handelsgouverneur In 1619 the Dutch trade master, Jan Pieterszoon Coen, conquered Jayakarta (the present Jakarta) and founded a Dutch colony which he called Batavia. <br /> <br /> On December 31, 1799 the Dutch government removed the Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (VOC). The company had gone bankrupt through mismanagement and corruption. The government took charge of all regions, which had been under the influence and control of the VOC, as colonies. <br /> <br /> Registry offices (De burgerlijke stand) were established in 1828. Beginning in 1830 the Dutch-Indies were developed into an efficient colony under governor-general Bosch. However the Dutch had to continually defend their claim to power against various locals chiefs as well as the English and Portuguese in several wars. While doing so, the colonial area was constantly extended. In the contract of Sumatra in 1871, the Dutch gave up their possessions on the Gold Coast in Africa and instead received domination from Britain over Sumatra. <br /> With the Japanese attack on the American Pacific fleet in Pearl Harbour (Hawaii) on the 7th of December 1941 the 2nd World War also began in the Pacific. On January 10th, 1942 the Japanese attacked Kalimantan, Sulawesi and Ambon. In the battle in the Java sea dated February 27th until March 1st, 1942, the Japanese destroyed the allied fleet and the invasion on Java began. On March 8th, 1942, the Dutch had to capitulate on Java. With surrender the remained soldiers of the Dutch colonial army K.N. I.L. (Koninklijk Nederlands-Indische Leger) went into captivity. <br /> <br /> The Japanese army immediately erected Prisoner of War and internment camps in schools, prisons, railroad sheds, hut camps and other assembly places for the allied Prisoners of War and citizens of the countries with which they were at war. Men were separated by their families. Boys from 10 years were separated from their mothers and brought into the men’s camp. The situation in the camps was catastrophic, food and medicine did not exist and the result was an outbreak of various epidemics. Treatment through Japanese was brutal and murderous. Forced labor also resulted many deaths. <br /> <br /> On August 15th, 1945 the Japanese capitulated in Indonesia, however, still controlled wide parts of the country. On September 2nd, 1945, the Japanese signed the unconditional surrender. For many Prisoners of War this meant survival, because there was an order of the Japanese high command to all troops to kill all allied Prisoners of War, in case the first Ally puts his foot onto the Japanese main islands. <br /> <br /> On August 17th, 1945, Sukarno and Hatta exclaimed the independence of free Republic of Indonesia. Between Indonesian adolescents and the Dutch dismissed from the internment camps, violence spread. <br /> <br /> Bloody fights between organized Indonesian independence fighters and Dutch, English and Australian troops took place. Because of the quarrels in the Dutch Indies many former KNIL soldiers were called back again to Indonesia, after they had survived the Japanese Prisoner of War camps, and had already gone to Netherlands partly, in order to participate in the fights. <br /> <br /> In April 1949, the Dutch began to bend to international pressure and agreed, to provide independence to Indonesia. On December 27th, 1949, the Netherlanders handed over the sovereignty officially to Republic of Indonesia. The Dutch Indies stopped to exist. Many Dutch families left the colony and went back home to the Netherlands. <br /> <br /> German emigrants are already provable in the colony with the first colonizers. Many of them went back to the Netherlands after the end of the colonial time.<br /> <br /> ==Genealogical Societies==<br /> * [http://www.igv.nl De Indische Genealogische Vereniging (IGV)]], Dutch, treats the genealogy of European families in the former Netherlands colonies - Dutch Indies, Caribbean and South Africa with focus on the Dutch Indies. Contents: List of the publications, questions &amp; answers, Janssen's Indisch Repertorium with 192,500 source for approx. 51,000 surnames. <br /> * [http://www.ngv.nl Nederlandse Genealogische Vereniging], Dutch and partially English<br /> <br /> ==Genealogical and Historical Records==<br /> [http://www.cbg.nl/english/main.htm Centraal Bureau voor Genealogie], Dutch and English, library with more than 100.000 volumes for genealogy, heraldry, regional and local history. Collection of 60.000 files with genealogical manuscripts and biographical data of private and professional genealogists. Millions of family, birth, christening and marriages advertisements on micro films as well as from death registers from the Netherlands and from all former colonies.<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography and Literature==<br /> ===Historical Literature (Dutch)===<br /> * Hovinga, Henk: Eindstation Pakan Baroe (1998), with CD-ROM with many names of Prisoners of War of this Japanese slave project in the World War II.<br /> * Naeff, Frans: het aanzien NEDERLANDS INDIË herinneringen aan een koloniaal verleden, Haarlem (1978), with many photographs about the history of Dutch Indies.<br /> <br /> ==Archives and Libraries==<br /> ===Archives===<br /> * [http://www.archief.nl/rad/ Rjiksarchivdienst], Dutch and English, with GenLias, the electronic catalog over all archives in Netherlands, in particular birth, christening, marriage and death register of 1811 to 1942.<br /> *[http://www.xs4all.nl/~polleke/ Stichting Indisch Familie Archief], Dutch, information center for genealogy and biography of the Europeans from the former Dutch Indies and their descendants.<br /> *[http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/paulvanV/eastindi.htm Ancestors from the former Dutch East Indies], English, hints of archives in Netherlands and Indonesia.<br /> === Libraries===<br /> *[http://www.pica.nl/noframes/home_en.shtml Pica Verbund in the Netherlands], Dutch, English, with free visitor entrance for research.<br /> *[http://www.kb.nl Koninklijke bibliothek] Den Haag, Dutch, English with online search.<br /> *Library of the South-Asia Institute of the university of Heidelberg, postal address: Im Neuenheimer Feld 330, 69120 Heidelberg, telephone: general: (06221 )54-8902 information: (06221)56-2937.<br /> *Library of the Max-Planck-Institute for forign &amp; public law and international law postal address: Im Neuenheimer Feld 535 69120 Heidelberg, telephone: general: (06221)482-217, information: (06221)482-432, local loan: (06221)482-432, inter-library loan: (06221)482-546.<br /> *Library of the Instituts for translation and interpretation of the university of Heidelberg, postal address: Plöck 57 a, 69117 Heidelberg telephone: general: (06221)54-7564, information: (06221)54-7254.<br /> <br /> ==Other Internet Resources==<br /> * http://nederlands-indie.pagina.nl - Dutch, with much information about Dutch Indies.<br /> * http://home.wxs.nl/~vdbroeke/engels.htm - Indo-Dutch Informationpoint, Dutch, with diverse information about Dutch Indies.<br /> * http://www.rootsweb.com/~idnwgw/ - IndonesiaGenWeb-Projekt, English, with general information, Bulletin Boards and Surname Resource Pages.<br /> * http://www.antenna.nl/~daktari/indovari.htm - Indo Varia, Dutch, with general information about Indonesia, the colonial army K.N.I.L., barracks life, life in the colony, the colonial wars since 1880, the military register books and much more.<br /> * http://132.229.193.130/kitlv/ - photo library of the Historical Documentation Department of the Royal Institute of Linguistics and Anthropology in Leiden, Dutch and English, many photographs from the colonial Dutch Indies.<br /> * http://home.iae.nl/users/arcengel/NedIndie/photos.htm - Old photographs and pictures from Dutch India, English, too old city maps.<br /> <br /> === Mailing List(s) at Rootsweb ===<br /> * mailto:INDONESIA-L-request@rootsweb.com for the list mode<br /> * mailto:INDONESIA-D-request@rootsweb.com for the digest mode<br /> <br /> Include the word &lt;tt&gt;subscribe&lt;/tt&gt; in the body of the message to subscribe. <br /> <br /> Include the word &lt;tt&gt;unsubscribe&lt;/tt&gt; in the body of the message to unsubscribe.</div> Mon, 11 May 2009 10:20:14 GMT Jzedlitz http://wiki-en.genealogy.net/Talk:Dutch_Indies http://wiki-en.genealogy.net/Families_in_Probsthagen/Amisc <p>Jzedlitz: migrated from old regional page http://www.genealogy.net/reg/NSAC/SLP/Probsthagen/OSB/Amisc.html</p> <hr /> <div>==A misc.==<br /> &lt;pre&gt;<br /> ABE01 Pro Abel, the Schafmeister ?????<br /> nm Engel Harmening ?????<br /> * 1746 Jun 18 d. Sophie Margreta + 1767 Mar 1 (20) 1747<br /> daughter of Hans Tilkening<br /> <br /> <br /> AHN01 Vorn Johann Heinrich Ahnefeld 1824 4 o.woe<br /> m 1850 Aug Engel Marie Sophie Wilkening 1825 V 18 WIL26<br /> * 1849 Mar 12 s. Joh Heinr Friedr Wilhelm<br /> Ackerknecht<br /> <br /> <br /> AHN02 Heinrich Conrad Ahnefeld m 1859 Lutter 4 o.woe<br /> nm Eng Marie Eleonore Wilkening m 1862 Bartels V 18 WIL26<br /> * 1859 Jul 2 d. Eng Marie Cathrine Sophie<br /> <br /> <br /> AKM02 Hab Johan Ackeman + 1703 Dec 30 (60) 1643 kathr<br /> m 1685 Mar 5 Marie Hartman + 1712 Aug 28 (66) 1646 H HRT07<br /> * 1686 May 16 s. Johan Harm<br /> * 1690 Jun 27 d. Ilse Marie m 1706 Schaper SHP02<br /> Widow Bruns<br /> <br /> <br /> AKM03 Harm Hinrich Akeman anten<br /> m 1727 Oct 30 Engel Margrete Meyers P MEY06<br /> <br /> <br /> AKM05 Anna Ackemann + 1750 Dec 27 (72) 1678 ?????<br /> <br /> <br /> AKM06 Hab 15 August Akmann muell<br /> nm Sophie Wilhelmine Everding H 13 EVD25<br /> * 1851 Dec 9 d. Engel Sophie<br /> Dienstknecht from Muellenbeck by Rinteln<br /> <br /> <br /> ALW01 Hab 20 Joh Heinrich Boerries Alwes 1826 reins<br /> m 1857 Feb 12 Caroline Wilhelmine Stege 1836 H 20 STG02<br /> * 1857 Apr 6 d. Engel Marie Sophie<br /> * 1867 Jun 27 s. Heinrich Ernst August<br /> * 1870 Jun 1 s. Friedrich Wilhelm<br /> <br /> <br /> APK01 Hab 17 Joh Friedrich Wilhelm Apking 4 rusbe<br /> m Anne Sophie Dorothea Tielke H 17 TIE01<br /> * 1849 Mar 11 d. Anne Sophie Caroline + 1852 Dec 5 ( 3) rusbe<br /> * 1851 Sep 14 s. Friedrich Wilhelm<br /> * 1855 Feb 6 s. Johann Heinrich<br /> * 1858 Jan 11 s. Heinrich Wilhelm<br /> * 1861 Aug 29 s. Conrad Friedrich Gottlieb + 1863 Jan 29<br /> <br /> <br /> ARE01 Michal Arenancek + 1627 Sep 29<br /> <br /> <br /> ATT01 Johann Friedrich Attendorf hatte<br /> nm Catharine Marie Bock + 1820 Jul 26 (52) H 8 BOC12<br /> * 1807 Jul 8 d. Catharine Sophie<br /> <br /> <br /> AUH01 Friedrich Christian Auhagen 1800 stadt<br /> m 1836 Dec 26 Caroline Juliane Stuever 1805 lindh<br /> &lt;/pre&gt;</div> Tue, 07 Apr 2009 12:00:54 GMT Jzedlitz http://wiki-en.genealogy.net/Talk:Families_in_Probsthagen/Amisc http://wiki-en.genealogy.net/Families_in_Probsthagen <p>Jzedlitz: linked subpages</p> <hr /> <div>A list of families in Vornhagen, Habichhorst, and Probsthagen (Gemeinde Probsthagen) from 1600 to 1870. <br /> <br /> by Kurt Allan Hitzeman, Homer Glen, Illinois May 2002 <br /> <br /> With this book, I have attempted to reconstruct the families of these 3 villages in Kirchspiel (parish of) Probsthagen. My main source of information has been the baptism, marriage, and burial records from copies of the churchbook records of Kirche Probsthagen, Evangelical Lutheran church in Probsthagen. My thanks to Evangelisch-Lutherische Landeskirche Schaumburg- Lippe and the Niedersaechsisches Staatsarchiv Bueckeburg, for their permission and help providing copies of the Churchbook pages which I studied for this work. I apologize for the inevitable mistakes. I hope to continue to correct these records over the next 30 or 40 years, health permitting. This is my third draft. I have not changed any family numbers from the 2000 or 2001 drafts. If you have any ancestors in this book, feel free to contact me at &lt;email&gt;KurtFromEarth@aol.com&lt;/email&gt; or Kurt Hitzeman, 16929 Pineview Dr., Homer Glen IL, 60441 <br /> <br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Amisc|A misc.]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Bartels|Bartels Barthels Barteldes]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Becker|Becker]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Bergmeier|Bergmeier Bergemeier Bergmeyer]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Blomberg|Blomberg Blombergh Blomberch]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Bmisc|B misc.]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Bock|Bock]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Boevers|Boevers Beubers Beuwers Boeverssen Bouers]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Brand|Brand Brands Brandes]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Bredemeyer|Bredemeyer Breidemeyer Breidemeier Breimeier]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Bremer|Bremer]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Bruns|Bruns Bruens Brunes]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Buermeister|Buermeister]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Buesing|Buesing Busing]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Buhs|Buhs Buhe]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Busse|Busse]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Busselberg|Busselberg]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Cmisc|C misc.]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Dmisc|D misc.]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Drewes|Drewes]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Dreyer|Dreyer Dreier]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Eickmann|Eickmann Eickman]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Emisc|E misc.]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Everding|Everding Euerdinck]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Fmisc|F misc.]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Gmisc|G misc.]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Grote|Grote]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Guesewelle|Guesewelle Gueissewell Guisswel Guesewelle]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Haddendorf|Haddendorf Hattendorf]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Haemeker|Haemeker Hameker Hemeker Hemcker]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Haevemeyer|Haevemeyer Havemeier Hoevemeier Hovemeyer]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Hardekop|Hardekop Harkopf Hardekopf Hardekopff Harkop]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Harmening|Harmening Harmeninck]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Hartman|Hartman]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Hasemann|Hasemann Haseman]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Heine|Heine]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Heisterberg|Heisterberg]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Hesse|Hesse]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Hesterberg|Hesterberg Hesterbergh]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Hitzemann|Hitzemann Hidseman Hitseman Hiddenseman]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Hmisc|H misc.]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Hohmeier|Hohmeier Homeyer Homeier]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Jmisc|J misc.]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Kauke|Kauke Kaucke Kocke Koke]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Keller|Keller]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Kerckmann|Kerckmann Kerkmann Kirchmann Kerckman]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Kmisc|K misc.]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Knickriem|Knickriem Knickreim Knickreime]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Koelling|Koelling]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Koller|Koller Koeller]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Kramer|Kramer]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Kreft|Kreft Krebs]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Kregel|Kregel]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Kromer|Kromer Kroemer]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Lahmann|Lahmann Lahman]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Lampe|Lampe]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Lmisc|L misc.]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Lohman|Lohman]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Lutter|Lutter Lutther Luetter]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Matthies|Matthies Matthias]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Meier|Meier Meyer]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Mensching|Mensching Menching Menshing]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Mmisc|M misc.]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Moeller|Moeller Moller Molner]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Nmisc|N misc.]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Omisc|O misc.]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Picht|Picht]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Pmisc|P misc.]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Rehse|Rehse Rese]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Rmisc|R misc.]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Roehler|Roehler Rhoeler Roler]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Roever|Roever Rhouer Roeuer Rouer Rover]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Rohrkassen|Rohrkassen Roehrkasten Roehrkasse Roerkassen]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Saller|Saller]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Scheper|Scheper Schaeper Shaper]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Schmoe|Schmoe Schmoee]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Schoenbeck|Schoenbeck Schoenebeck]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Schriver|Schriver Schriuer Schreiber Schriber]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Schroeder|Schroeder]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Schuette|Schuette]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Schweer|Schweer Schwer]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Senne|Senne]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Smisc|S misc.]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Stege|Stege]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Struckmann|Struckmann Struckman]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Struckmeier|Struckmeier Struckmeyer]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Tegtmeyer|Tegtmeyer Tegtmeier Tegdmeier Tegetmeier]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Tielke|Tielke Tilke Thielke]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Tilkening|Tilkening Tilking Tilckeninck Tilkinck]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Tmisc|T misc.]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/UVmisc|U,V misc.]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Wanemann|Wanemann Waneman]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Wehling|Wehling Weelinck Werlinck (see Vehling, Fehling)]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Weihe|Weihe Weyehe]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Wilharm|Wilharm]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Wilkening|Wilkening Willkening Wilckening Wilckning Wilkeninck]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Wittkugel|Wittkugel Witkegel Witkugel]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Wmisc|W misc.]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Woebbeking|Woebbeking Wobbekinck Woebbecking]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Wolter|Wolter]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Wompener|Wompener Woempener]]<br /> *[[Families in Probsthagen/Zmisc|Z misc.]]<br /> <br /> <br /> == Key to Towns Near Probsthagen ==<br /> {|{{prettytable}}<br /> !Abbreviation for town as used in this book<br /> !Name of town<br /> !Distance in kilometers from Probsthagen<br /> !General direction from Probsthagen<br /> |-<br /> |achum||Achum||12||SW<br /> |-<br /> |ahe||Ahe||19||S<br /> |-<br /> |ahnse||Ahnsen||13||SW<br /> |-<br /> |alges||Algesdorf||7||E<br /> |-<br /> |alten||Altenhagen||9||S<br /> |-<br /> |alte2||Altenhagen||14||SE<br /> |-<br /> |alte3||Altenhagen||12||NE<br /> |-<br /> |anten||Antendorf||11||S<br /> |-<br /> |apele||Apelern|| 9||SE<br /> |-<br /> |auhag||Auhagen|| 8||NE<br /> |-<br /> |becke||Beckedorf|| 6||E<br /> |-<br /> |beren||Berenbusch||18||SW<br /> |-<br /> |bergd||Bergdorf||15||SW<br /> |-<br /> |bergk||Bergkirchen|| 8||N<br /> |-<br /> |berns||Bernsen||14||SW<br /> |-<br /> |blyin||Blyinghausen|| 3||SE<br /> |-<br /> |boden||Bodenengern||14||S<br /> |-<br /> |bokel||Bokeloh||12||NE<br /> |-<br /> |borst||Borstel||13||S<br /> |-<br /> |brand||Brandenburg|| 4||W<br /> |-<br /> |bruch||Bruchhof|| 5||SW<br /> |-<br /> |brumm||Brummershop||11||SW<br /> |-<br /> |bueck||Buckeburg||15||SW<br /> |-<br /> |bulth||Bulthof||12||S<br /> |-<br /> |deckb||Deckbergen||16||S<br /> |-<br /> |deins||Deinsen||10||SW<br /> |-<br /> |duedi||Duedinghausen|| 9||NE<br /> |-<br /> |echto||Echtorf||11||SW<br /> |-<br /> |echtr||Echtringhausen||17||S<br /> |-<br /> |ehlen||Ehlen|| 5||S<br /> |-<br /> |eiche||Eichenbruch|| 3||E<br /> |-<br /> |eickh||Eickhoefe|| 3||NE<br /> |-<br /> |eilse||Eilsen||14||SW<br /> |-<br /> |enzen||Enzen|| 6||SW<br /> |-<br /> |esche||Escher||11||S<br /> |-<br /> |evese||Evesen||17||SW<br /> |-<br /> |fegge||Feggendorf||12||SE<br /> |-<br /> |frill||Frille||17||W<br /> |-<br /> |gallh||Gallhof|| 7||W<br /> |-<br /> |gelld||Gelldorf||11||SW<br /> |-<br /> |g.heg||Gross Hegesdorf|| 6||SE<br /> |-<br /> |g.hei||Gross Heidorn||17||NE<br /> |-<br /> |g.nen||Gross Nenndorf||10||E<br /> |-<br /> |grove||Grove|| 9||SE<br /> |-<br /> |habic||Habichhorst|| 3||S<br /> |-<br /> |habri||Habrihausen|| 3||SE<br /> |-<br /> |hagen||Hagenburg||12||NE<br /> |-<br /> |haste||Haste||11||NE<br /> |-<br /> |hatte||Hattendorf||12||S<br /> |-<br /> |heidb||Heidbrink|| 3||S<br /> |-<br /> |heese||Heesen||15||SW<br /> |-<br /> |helsi||Helsinghausen||11||E<br /> |-<br /> |helps||Helpsen|| 7||SW<br /> |-<br /> |hespe||Hespe|| 9||W<br /> |-<br /> |heuer||Heuerssen|| 3||E<br /> |-<br /> |heves||Hevesen||12||SW<br /> |-<br /> |hidde||Hiddensen|| 9||W<br /> |-<br /> |hobbe||Hobbensen|| 6||SW<br /> |-<br /> |hohnh||Hohnhorst||10||NE<br /> |-<br /> |holte||Holtensen||10||S<br /> |-<br /> |horst||Horsten|| 8||E<br /> |-<br /> |hohof||Horsthoefe|| 6||W<br /> |-<br /> |hulsd||Huelsede||13||SE<br /> |-<br /> |huels||Huelshagen|| 3||N<br /> |-<br /> |idens||Idensen||11||NE<br /> |-<br /> |idenm||Idensemoor||10||NE<br /> |-<br /> |jeten||Jetenburg||15||SW<br /> |-<br /> |kathr||Kathrinhagen||11||S<br /> |-<br /> |katte||Kattenbruch||13||S<br /> |-<br /> |kirch||Kirchhorsten|| 8||SW<br /> |-<br /> |k.hei||Kleine Heidorn||17||NE<br /> |-<br /> |k.heg||Kleine Hegesdorf|| 7||SE<br /> |-<br /> |k.nen||Kleine Nenndorf|| 9||E<br /> |-<br /> |k.wie||Kleine Wieden||19||S<br /> |-<br /> |K.T.|| Kniepers Thiele||1||N<br /> |-<br /> |kobbe||Kobbensen|| 4||E<br /> |-<br /> |kohle||Kohlenstaedt||18||S<br /> |-<br /> |krain||Krainhagen||13||SW<br /> |-<br /> |krebs||Krebshagen|| 5||S<br /> |-<br /> |kreuz||Kreuzriehe||10||E<br /> |-<br /> |kucks||Kuckshagen|| 7||W<br /> |-<br /> |lange||Langenfeld||15||S<br /> |-<br /> |launa||Lauenau||12||SE<br /> |-<br /> |lauen||Lauenhagen|| 3||NW<br /> |-<br /> |lehrb||Lehrbrink||13||S<br /> |-<br /> |leves||Levesen|| 8||W<br /> |-<br /> |lindh||Lindhorst|| 4||NE<br /> |-<br /> |liekw||Liekwegen|| 8||SW<br /> |-<br /> |lohho||Lohhof|| 3||E<br /> |-<br /> |luede||Luedersfeld|| 2||NE<br /> |-<br /> |luhde||Luhden||16||SW<br /> |-<br /> |lyhre||Lyhren|| 7||SE<br /> |-<br /> |meerb||Meerbeck|| 6||W<br /> |-<br /> |meins||Meinsen||13||SE<br /> |-<br /> |meins||Meinsen||13||SW<br /> |-<br /> |mesme||Mesmerode||11||NE<br /> |-<br /> |minde||Minden||18||W<br /> |-<br /> |mitte||Mittelbrink||19||NW<br /> |-<br /> |muenc||Muenchehagen||12||N<br /> |-<br /> |muesi||Muesingen||13||SW<br /> |-<br /> |namme||Nammen||20||SW<br /> |-<br /> |n.hol||Niedernholz|| 4||N<br /> |-<br /> |n.woe||Niedernwoehren|| 6||W<br /> |-<br /> |nienb||Nienbruegge|| 4||N<br /> |-<br /> |nienf||Nienfeld||11||SE<br /> |-<br /> |niens||Nienstadt|| 7||SW<br /> |-<br /> |nien2||Nienstadt||18||SE<br /> |-<br /> |nordb||Nordbruch|| 8||NE<br /> |-<br /> |nords||Nordsehl|| 4||NW<br /> |-<br /> |o.kir||Obernkirchen||10||SW<br /> |-<br /> |o.woe||Obernwoehren|| 4||S<br /> |-<br /> |o.vor||Obern Vornhagen|| 1||SE<br /> |-<br /> |ohndo||Ohndorf|| 8||E<br /> |-<br /> |osten||Ostendorf||16||S<br /> |-<br /> |otten||Ottensen|| 5||NE<br /> |-<br /> |petze||Petzen||17||SW<br /> |-<br /> |pogge||Poggenhagen||12||S<br /> |-<br /> |pohle||Pohle||11||SE<br /> |-<br /> |pollh||Pollhagen|| 5||NW<br /> |-<br /> |raden||Raden||13||S<br /> |-<br /> |ranne||Rannenberg||13||S<br /> |-<br /> |rehre||Rehren|| 8||NE<br /> |-<br /> |rehrn||Rehren||11||S<br /> |-<br /> |reinb||Reinbuld|| 4||SE<br /> |-<br /> |reind||Reinsdorf|| 7||SE<br /> |-<br /> |reins||Reinsen|| 4||SE<br /> |-<br /> |remer||Remeringhausen|| 3||SE<br /> |-<br /> |riche||Riche||11||E<br /> |-<br /> |riepe||Riepen|| 7||E<br /> |-<br /> |rinte||Rinteln||18||SW<br /> |-<br /> |roden||Rodenberg|| 9||SE<br /> |-<br /> |rohrk||Rohrkasten||12||SW<br /> |-<br /> |rolfs||Rolfshagen||13||S<br /> |-<br /> |rosen||Rosenthal||15||S<br /> |-<br /> |rumbe||Rumbeck||21||S<br /> |-<br /> |rusbe||Rusbend||11||W<br /> |-<br /> |sachs||Sachsenhagen|| 6||N<br /> |-<br /> |schei||Scheie||14||SW<br /> |-<br /> |schie||Schierneichen||10||W<br /> |-<br /> |schma||Schmalenbruch|| 9||N<br /> |-<br /> |schoh||Schoholtensen|| 9||S<br /> |-<br /> |schoe||Schoettlingen|| 3||E<br /> |-<br /> |segge||Seggebruch||10||SW<br /> |-<br /> |soldo||Soldorf|| 7||SE<br /> |-<br /> |spies||Spiessinghol|| 8||N<br /> |-<br /> |stadt||Stadthagen|| 3||SW<br /> |-<br /> |stein||Steinhude||15||NE<br /> |-<br /> |stemm||Stemmen|| 9||W<br /> |-<br /> |suedh||Suedhagen||13||S<br /> |-<br /> |suelb||Suelbeck|| 8||SW<br /> |-<br /> |sunde||Sundern|| 8||S<br /> |-<br /> |talle||Tallensen||11||SW<br /> |-<br /> |vehle||Vehlen||12||SW<br /> |-<br /> |volks||Volksdorf|| 8||W<br /> |-<br /> |vornh||Vornhagen|| 1||NE<br /> |-<br /> |wacke||Wackerfeld|| 7||SW<br /> |-<br /> |waltr||Waltringhausen||12||E<br /> |-<br /> |warbe||Warber||13||SW<br /> |-<br /> |wendt||Wendthagen|| 6||S<br /> |-<br /> |westd||Westendorf||16||S<br /> |-<br /> |westw||Westerwald||10||S<br /> |-<br /> |woelp||Woelpinghausen|| 8||N<br /> |-<br /> |worms||Wormsthal||10||S<br /> |-<br /> |wiede||Wiedenbruegge||10||N<br /> |-<br /> |wieds||Wiedensahl||25||NW<br /> |-<br /> |wiers||Wiersen|| 9||S<br /> |-<br /> |windh||Windhorn|| 9||N<br /> |-<br /> |winzl||Winzlar||12||N<br /> |-<br /> |wulfh||Wulfhagen|| 5||NW<br /> |-<br /> |wunst||Wunstorf||15||NE<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Key to Family Records ==<br /> {|{{prettytable}}<br /> !Line Number<br /> !Fields<br /> |-<br /> |1<br /> |<br /> # the family index number used for reference within this book. Example... HIT17 is Hitzemann family number 17. <br /> #the village and house number the family lived in. Pro = Probsthagen; Hab = Habichhorst; Vorn = Vornhagen; E.R. = Engelsohn Rade; K.T. = Knieperstheile <br /> #the name of the father. -Capitalized Christian names are possible names the person commonly was known by. <br /> #either <br /> #*the father's date of death (after 1804) or burial (before 1805), or <br /> #*the year of his next marriage, and surname of his next wife. <br /> #the approximate year of birth, based on the death record (before 1805) or marriage record (after 1804). <br /> #the childhood town of the father and house number, P = Probsthagen, H = Habichhorst, V = Vornhagen. <br /> #either <br /> #*the childhood family index number of the father (within the parish), or <br /> #*abbreviation for a town the father came from (outside the parish) <br /> |-<br /> | 2<br /> |<br /> # &quot;m&quot; for married or &quot;nm&quot; for not married. <br /> #a marriage date if married in Probshagen. <br /> #- 7. same as for Line 1 (except for wife) <br /> |-<br /> | 3<br /> |<br /> # the baptism date of a child (before 1805) or birthdate of the child (after 1804) <br /> #s. = son. d = daughter k = child (kind). <br /> #the Christian name of the child <br /> #either <br /> #*&quot;+&quot; the burial or death date of the child, or <br /> #*&quot;m&quot; the marriage year and spouse's surname. <br /> #either <br /> #*the family index of the children when they are adults, or <br /> #*an abbreviation to the town the married couple moved to. <br /> |-<br /> | last few lines<br /> |<br /> # the father's occupation, <br /> #the previously widowed mother's married name, <br /> #some parent's names, and <br /> #other. <br /> |}</div> Tue, 07 Apr 2009 11:57:28 GMT Jzedlitz http://wiki-en.genealogy.net/Talk:Families_in_Probsthagen